The Internet of Things (IoT) is set to become one of the key technological developments of our times provided we are able to realize its full potential. The number of objects connected to IoT is expected to reach 50 billion by 2020 due to the massive influx of diverse objects emerging progressively. IoT, hence, is expected to be a major producer of big data. Sharing and collaboration of data and other resources would be the key for enabling sustainable ubiquitous environments, such as smart cities and societies. A timely fusion and analysis of big data, acquired from IoT and other sources, to enable highly efficient, reliable, and accurate decision making and management of ubiquitous environments would be a grand future challenge. Computational intelligence would play a key role in this challenge. A number of surveys exist on data fusion. However, these are mainly focused on specific application areas or classifications. The aim of this paper is to review literature on data fusion for IoT with a particular focus on mathematical methods (including probabilistic methods, artificial intelligence, and theory of belief) and specific IoT environments (distributed, heterogeneous, nonlinear, and object tracking environments). The opportunities and challenges for each of the mathematical methods and environments are given. Future developments, including emerging areas that would intrinsically benefit from data fusion and IoT, autonomous vehicles, deep learning for data fusion, and smart cities, are discussed.

Data Fusion and IoT for Smart Ubiquitous Environments: A Survey

The advanced technology Internet of Things (IoT), a recent development in wireless sensor networks, provides a way to connect surrounding physical objects to the Internet in a dynamic way. There is an advantage of using IoT technology protocols as it requires less network bandwidth, minimum code space and hence reduces access time. Major IoT provider companies have several IoT products in the gadget market to make consumers' life effortlessly easy. Several research gaps regarding the scalability of IoT with other platforms have been identified by reviewing the existing literature and also explained essential information about the integration of IoT with cloud computing. Major technology big giants Apple, Google, and Amazon's products are differentiated on the basis of measurement parameters such as their prices, streaming options, customisable appearance methods, major partnership companies related information appearing. A prototype of Apple's Home Kit and Samsung SmartThings is developed to show the characteristics of smart home products for the user, which helps in better decision making of IoT platform providers.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-net.2019.0180

Comparative analysis of IoT based products, technology and integration of IoT with cloud computing

With the development of technology, smart devices are becoming more common in everyday life. The development of devices that can connect to the Internet and transmit data has been a source of inspiration for smart city designs. The common problem in our cities is the difficulty of finding free parking slots. The parking problem causes traffic to congest and people who go to work are looking for a place. In this study, a navigation and reservation based parking proposal system was developed for smart cities. The proposed method involves the development of small devices that send data to the internet using the internet of things (IoT) technology. The free parking space closest to the current location is found by genetic algorithm. The proposed method is tested for different scenarios and accurate results are obtained.

A navigation and reservation based smart parking platform using genetic optimization for smart cities

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of raising and lowering posted speed limits on driver behavior for urban and rural nonlimited access highways. Sites selected for study were furnished by the participating States. The study was conducted during the period from October 1985 to September 1992, when the maximum speed limit was 55 mi/h (89 km/h) on nonlimited access highways. During this period, the States and localities lowered and raised posted speed limits on short roadway segments, typically less than 2 mi (3.2 km) in length. The general types of sites included in the study were short sections, i.e., 0.5-mi (0.8-km) segments in rural communities, 1-mi (1.6-km) sections in urban and rural communities, and 2- to 12-mi (3- to 19-km) rural sections where speed limits were raised. The study included the collection of driver behavior and crash data is 22 States. The data were collected at 100 sites on nonlimited access highways, consisting of 172 mi (277 km) where speed limits were either lowered or raised, and at 83 comparison sites, consisting of 132 mi (213 km) where no changes in the posted speed limits were made. Changes in the posted speed limits ranged from lowering the speed limit by 5, 10, 15, or 20 mi/h (8, 16, 24, or 32 km/h) to raising the speed limit by 5, 10, or 15 mi/h (8, 16, or 24 km/h). Only one change in the posted speed limit was made at each site during the study. There is statistically sufficient evidence in this dataset to reject the hypothesis that driver speeds do not change when posted speed limits are either raised or lowered. However, the differences in speeds, less than 1.5 mi/h (2.4 km/h), are not sufficiently large to be of practical significance, and are due primarily to large sample sizes. Although the changes in vehicle speeds were small, driver violations of the speed limits increased when posted speed limits were lowered. Conversely, violations decreased when speed limits were raised. This does not reflect a change in driver behavior, but a change in how compliance is measured, i.e., from the posted speed limit. There is not sufficient evidence in this dataset to reject the hypothesis that crash experience changed when posted speed limits were either lowered or raised.

Effects of raising and lowering speed limits on selected roadway sections

The internet of things (IoT) aims to extend the internet to real-world objects, connecting smart and sensing devices into a global network infrastructure by connecting physical and virtual objects. The IoT has the potential to increase the quality of life of inhabitants and users of intelligent ambient assisted living (AAL) environments. The paper overviews and discusses the IoT technologies and their foreseen impacts and challenges for the AAL domain. The results of this review are summarized as the IoT based gerontechnology acceptance model for the assisted living domain. The model focuses on the acceptance of new technologies by older people and underscores the need for the adoption of the IoT for the AAL domain.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/11/12/259/pdf

A Review of Internet of Things Technologies for Ambient Assisted Living Environments

In this paper, we propose a smart parking system detecting and finding the parked location of a consumer's vehicle. Using ultrasonic and magnetic sensor, the proposed system detects vehicles in indoor and outdoor parking fields, accurately. Wireless sensor motes support a vehicle location service in parking lots using BLE.

Smart parking system for Internet of Things

An automated traffic measuring system for use on multiple drive lanes is proposed in this paper. This system, which uses ultrasonic sensors and a lateral scanning method, is suitable for use on real traffic roads. The proposed system can be easily established and maintained in various roadway environments. In addition, the system can be adjusted to measure traffic volumes according to the size and number of drive lanes. This paper describes the results of an experiment that the lateral scanning method can be easily applied to real traffic roads and provide a low error rate and real-time responses. This system can play an important role in accurately measuring traffic volumes as part of an intelligent transportation system.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/12/22891/pdf

Traffic Measurement on Multiple Drive Lanes with Wireless Ultrasonic Sensors

Recently, the convergence of information technology with biotechnology, nano-technology, or other technologies has been creating a new paradigm. In the field of transportation, intelligent transport systems (ITSs) — a convergence of information technologies and transportation systems — have been studied. The VSL is one ITS technologies that aims to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation while controlling the speed limit according to traffic circumstances. Existing studies for VSL algorithms have considered only one station to control the traffic. However, it is not appropriate for an urban freeway to be installed with many stations. In this paper, a new VSL algorithm is proposed to enhance the effectiveness of VSL for multiple stations. It is based on the cooperation of stations and the real-time road information. The proposed algorithm consists of 4 steps: first is a “searching bottleneck station,” second is a “calculating a size of congestion,” third is a “calculating the number of controlled stations,” fourth is a “calculating VSL.” In our experiments, the microscopic traffic simulator VISSIM performed our modeling works. The results show that the proposed algorithm improves safety on roads with minimum additional travel time.

Variable speed limit to improve safety near traffic congestion on urban freeways

This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) middleware called Middleware for Cooperative Interaction of Things (MinT). MinT supports a fully distributed IoT environment in which IoT devices directly connect to peripheral devices easily construct a local or global network, and share their data in an energy efficient manner. MinT provides a sensor abstract layer, a system layer and an interaction layer. These enable integrated sensing device operations, efficient resource management, and active interconnection between peripheral IoT devices. In addition, MinT provides a high-level API to develop IoT devices easily for IoT device developers. We aim to enhance the energy efficiency and performance of IoT devices through the performance improvements offered by MinT resource management and request processing. The experimental results show that the average request rate increased by 25% compared to Californium, which is a middleware for efficient interaction in IoT environments with powerful performance, an average response time decrease of 90% when resource management was used, and power consumption decreased by up to 68%. Finally, the proposed platform can reduce the latency and power consumption of IoT devices.

MinT: Middleware for Cooperative Interaction of Things

We previously proposed an Internet of Things (IoT) middleware called Middleware for Cooperative Interaction of Things (MinT). MinT supports thread pooling to quickly process requests from other IoT devices. However, using a thread pool with a fixed number of threads equal to the number of CPU cores can waste memory and CPU resources, and degrade the performance of the IoT device. In this paper, we propose an enhanced approach called Improved MinT (MinT-I) to efficiently improve the performance of MinT middleware by real-time adjustment of threads. We aim to improve the performance of the connection part, which is responsible for analyzing, processing, and retransmitting the received packets. The experimental results showed that MinT-I increased the average throughput by approximately 25% to 35% compared to the existing middleware. Moreover, the proposed MinT-I not only can optimize the memory and resource usage, but it can also reduce the latency and power consumption of IoT devices.

Soobin Jeon

Papers

Smart parking system for Internet of Things

Traffic Measurement on Multiple Drive Lanes with Wireless Ultrasonic Sensors

Variable speed limit to improve safety near traffic congestion on urban freeways

MinT: Middleware for Cooperative Interaction of Things

Experimental evaluation of improved IoT middleware for flexible performance and efficient connectivity