An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

OBJECTIVE — To systematically review the incidence of posttransplantation diabetes (PTD), risk factors for its development, prognostic implications, and optimal management. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — We searched databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and others) from inception to September 2000, reviewed bibliographies in reports retrieved, contacted transplantation experts, and reviewed specialty journals. Two reviewers independently determined report inclusion (original studies, in all languages, of PTD in adults with no history of diabetes before transplantation), assessed study methods, and extracted data using a standardized form. Meta-regression was used to explain between-study differences in incidence. RESULTS — Nineteen studies with 3,611 patients were included. The 12-month cumulative incidence of PTD is lower (10% in most studies) than it was 3 decades ago. The type of immunosuppression explained 74% of the variability in incidence (P 0.0004). Risk factors were patient age, nonwhite ethnicity, glucocorticoid treatment for rejection, and immunosuppression with high-dose cyclosporine and tacrolimus. PTD was associated with decreased graft and patient survival in earlier studies; later studies showed improved outcomes. Randomized trials of treatment regimens have not been conducted. CONCLUSIONS — Physicians should consider modification of immunosuppressive regimens to decrease the risk of PTD in high-risk transplant recipients. Randomized trials are needed to evaluate the use of oral glucose-lowering agents in transplant recipients, paying particular attention to interactions with immunosuppressive drugs. Diabetes Care 25:583–592, 2002

A systematic review of the literature

Established in 2006, TATA Africa Services (Nigeria) Limited operates as the nodal point for Tata businesses in West Africa. TATA Africa Services (Nigeria) Limited has a strong presence in Nigeria with investments exceeding USD 10 million. The company was established in Lagos, Nigeria as a subsidiary of TATA Africa Holdings (SA) (Pty) Limited, South Africa and serves as the hub of Tata’s operations in Nigeria and the rest of West Africa.

What About Us

The perfect complement to Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, Ninth Edition, this knowledge builder helps you develop and reinforce basic skills essential to nursing research.

Resource Manual for Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice

Doing Qualitative Research

Clarifying Elements of the Intervention

Background There is a critical need for hospital-to-home transitional care interventions to prepare family caregivers for patients’ post-discharge care in rural communities. Four evidence-based interventions (named discharge planning, treatments, warning signs, and physical activity) have the potential to meet this need but family caregivers’ perspectives on the acceptability of the interventions have not been examined. This gap is significant because unacceptable interventions are unlikely to be used or used as designed, thereby undermining outcome achievement. Accordingly, this study examined the perceived acceptability of the four interventions to rural family caregivers. Materials and methods A multi-method descriptive design was used. The quantitative method entailed the administration of an established scale to assess the interventions’ perceived acceptability to family caregivers. The qualitative method involved semi-structured interviews to explore family caregivers’ perceived acceptability of the interventions in greater depth, including acceptable and unacceptable aspects, in the context of their own transitional care experience. Participants were the family caregivers of a relative who had been discharged home in a rural community from an acute care hospital in Ontario, Canada. Results The purposive sample included 16 participants who were mostly middle-aged women (n = 14; 87.5%) caring for a parent (n = 9; 56.3%) at high risk for hospital readmission. The mean scores on the acceptability measure were 3 or higher for all interventions, indicating that, on average, the four interventions were perceived as acceptable. In terms of acceptable aspects, four themes were identified: the interventions: 1) involve family caregivers and proactively prepare them for discharge, 2) provide clear, written, and detailed guidance, 3) place the onus on healthcare providers to initiate communication, and 4) ensure post-discharge follow-up. In terms of unacceptable aspects, one theme was identified: the physical activity intervention would be challenging to implement. Discussion The findings support implementing the four interventions in practice throughout the hospital-to-home transition. Healthcare providers should assess family caregivers’ comfort in participating in the physical activity intervention and tailor their role accordingly.

Family caregivers’ perspectives on the acceptability of four interventions proposed for rural transitional care: A multi-method study

Abstract Staff working in long-term care (LTC) homes frequently report experiencing moral distress related to lack of autonomy and not being able to provide quality care. Huddles have been used as a communication tool for many years in acute care settings to improve collaboration and safety culture. In LTC homes, huddles are implemented less often, despite evidence of their benefits in improving support and teamwork. In this pre-test post-test implementation study, huddles led by a nurse practitioner (NP) were introduced in a privately-owned not-for-profit LTC home with < 150 beds, located in a medium urban centre in Ontario, Canada. Objectives of the study were to 1) examine fidelity of huddle implementation; 2) examine the extent to which the huddles improved staff’ outcomes of moral distress, job satisfaction, and support provided by the NP estimated with Bayesian proportional odds model. A total of 48 huddles were carried out by the NP over 15 weeks. Huddles were most commonly attended by personal support workers (98%) and registered practical nurses (96%), with an average of 7 individuals per huddle. Topics most often addressed at huddles were related to resident care (46%) and staff concerns (34%). Strong statistical evidence of a reduction in overall moral distress was evident for staff attending the huddles, when compared to staff who did not (posterior probability =.9933). No changes in job satisfaction and support provided by the NP were observed. Introducing huddles in LTC homes may be effective at reducing moral distress experienced by staff.

https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article-pdf/6/Supplement_1/536/48313977/igac059.2039.pdf

Nurse practitioner–led implementation of huddles to support staff in long-term care homes

Adherence to treatment is critical in determining the effects of behavioural therapy and may be affected by participants' preference for treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which method of allocation to treatment (random vs. preference-based) influences adherence (exposure and enactment) to behavioural therapy. Participants received behavioural therapy for the management of insomnia randomly or by preference. Exposure was assessed as attendance at the treatment sessions, enactment as self-reported application of treatment recommendations. Participants (N = 262) attended a mean of 5.6 treatment sessions, applied the treatment recommendations frequently, and reported high levels of overall compliance. There was no difference between the random and preference groups in terms of exposure to and enactment of treatment. Randomization to the preferred treatment, dissatisfaction with the allocated treatment, and self-report bias could play a role in the findings and should be explored in future research.

https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/view/2474/2468

Souraya Sidani

Papers

Clarifying Elements of the Intervention

Family caregivers’ perspectives on the acceptability of four interventions proposed for rural transitional care: A multi-method study

Nurse practitioner–led implementation of huddles to support staff in long-term care homes

Discourse / Discours - Method of Treatment Allocation: Does It Affect Adherence to Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia?

Theory-Based Nursing Interventions