The objective of this work is to determine and study, analyze and elaborate, classify and categorize the main risk analysis and risk-assessment methods and techniques by reviewing the scientific literature. The paper consists of two parts: a) the investigation, presentation and elaboration of the main risk-assessment methodologies and b) the statistical analysis, classification, and comparative study of the corresponding scientific papers published by six representative scientific journals of Elsevier B.V. covering the decade 2000–2009. The scientific literature reviewing showed that the risk analysis and assessment techniques are classified into three main categories: (a) the qualitative, (b) the quantitative, and (c) the hybrid techniques (qualitative–quantitative, semi-quantitative). The qualitative techniques are based both on analytical estimation processes, and on the safety managers–engineers ability. According to quantitative techniques, the risk can be considered as a quantity, which can be estimated and expressed by a mathematical relation, under the help of real accidents’ data recorded in a work site. The hybrid techniques, present a great complexity due to their ad hoc character that prevents a wide spreading. The statistical analysis shows that the quantitative methods present the highest relative frequency (65.63%) while the qualitative a lower one (27.68%). Furthermore the hybrid methods remain constantly at a very low level (6.70%) during the entire processing period.

http://risktr.com/dokumanlar/risk%20analysis%20and%20assessment%20methodologies%20in%20th%20work%20sites.pdf

Risk analysis and assessment methodologies in the work sites: On a review, classification and comparative study of the scientific literature of the period 2000–2009

Production and Use of Hydrogen Fundamentals and Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel KK Pant and Ram B Gupta Production of Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons Nazim Z Muradov Hydrogen Production from Coal Shi-Ying Lin Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy Ryutaro Hino and Xing L Yan Hydrogen Production from Wind Energy Dimitrios A Bechrakis and Elli Varkaraki Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Biomass by Thermochemical Process W de Jong Use of Solar Energy to Produce Hydrogen Neelkanth G Dhere and Rajani S Bennur Hydrogen Separation and Purification Ashok Damle Transportation and Storage of Hydrogen Targets for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems: An Aid for the Development of Viable Onboard Hydrogen Storage Technologies Sunita Satyapal and George J Thomas Hydrogen Transmission in Pipelines and Storage in Pressurized and Cryogenic Tanks Ming Gao and Ravi Krishnamurthy Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides KK Pant and Ram B Gupta Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Materials KK Pant and Ram B Gupta Hydrogen Storage in Organic Chemical Hydrides on the Basis of Superheated Liquid-Film Concept Shinya Hodoshima and Yasukazu Saito Safety and Environmental Aspects of Hydrogen Fuel Hydrogen Codes and Standards James M Ohi Hydrogen Sensing and Detection Prabhu Soundarrajan and Frank Schweighardt Hydrogen Safety Fotis Rigas and Spyros Sklavounos Carbon Sequestration Ah-Hyung Alissa Park, Klaus S Lackner, and Liang-Shih Fan Index

Hydrogen Fuel : Production, Transport, and Storage

Hydrogen safety: The road toward green technology

Vast amounts of oil & gas (O&G) are consumed around the world everyday that are mainly transported and distributed through pipelines. Only in Canada, the total length of O&G pipelines is approximately 100,000 km, which is the third largest in the world. Integrity of these pipelines is of primary interest to O&G companies, consultants, governmental agencies, consumers and other stakeholder due to adverse consequences and heavy financial losses in case of system failure. Fault tree analysis (FTA) and event tree analysis (ETA) are two graphical techniques used to perform risk analysis, where FTA represents causes (likelihood) and ETA represents consequences of a failure event. ‘Bow-tie’ is an approach that integrates a fault tree (on the left side) and an event tree (on the right side) to represent causes, threat (hazards) and consequences in a common platform. Traditional ‘bow-tie’ approach is not able to characterize model uncertainty that arises due to assumption of independence among different risk events. In this paper, in order to deal with vagueness of the data, the fuzzy logic is employed to derive fuzzy probabilities ( likelihood ) of basic events in fault tree and to estimate fuzzy probabilities ( likelihood ) of output event consequences. The study also explores how interdependencies among various factors might influence analysis results and introduces fuzzy utility value (FUV) to perform risk assessment for natural gas pipelines using triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability criteria, namely, social, environmental and economical consequences. The present study aims to help owners of transmission and distribution pipeline companies in risk management and decision-making to consider multi-dimensional consequences that may arise from pipeline failures. The research results can help professionals to decide whether and where to take preventive or corrective actions and help informed decision-making in the risk management process. A simple example is used to demonstrate the proposed approach.

Risk analysis for oil & gas pipelines: A sustainability assessment approach using fuzzy based bow-tie analysis

FLACS CFD air quality model performance evaluation with Kit Fox, MUST, Prairie Grass, and EMU observations

https://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/files/Hazardous_Materials_2004.pdf

Validation of turbulence models in heavy gas dispersion over obstacles.

In this paper, safety distances around pipelines transmitting liquefied petroleum gas and pressurized natural gas are determined considering the possible outcomes of an accidental event associated with fuel gas release from pressurized transmission systems. Possible outcomes of an accidental fuel gas release were determined by performing the Event Tree Analysis approach. Safety distances were computed for two pipeline transmission systems of pressurized natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas existing in Greece using real data given by Greek Refineries and the Greek Public Gas Enterprise. The software packages chetah and breeze were used for thermochemical mixture properties estimation and quantitative consequence assessment, respectively. Safety distance determination was performed considering jet fire and gas dispersion to the lower flammable limit as the worst-case scenarios corresponding to immediate and delayed cloud ignition. The results showed that the jet fire scenario should be considered as the limiter for safety distances determination in the vicinity of natural and petroleum gas pipelines. Based on this conclusion, the obtained results were further treated to yield functional diagrams for prompt safety distance estimation. In addition, qualitative conclusions were made regarding the effect of atmospheric conditions on possible events. Thus, wind velocity was found to dominate during a jet fire event suppressing the thermal radiation effect, whereas gas dispersion was found to be affected mainly by solar radiation that favors the faster dissolution of fuel gas below the lower flammable limit.

Spyros Sklavounos

Papers

Validation of turbulence models in heavy gas dispersion over obstacles.

Estimation of safety distances in the vicinity of fuel gas pipelines

Evaluation of hazards associated with hydrogen storage facilities

Simulation of Coyote series trials—Part I:: CFD estimation of non-isothermal LNG releases and comparison with box-model predictions

Experimentally validated 3-D simulation of shock waves generated by dense explosives in confined complex geometries