Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Voxel-Based%20Morphometry.pdf

Voxel-Based Morphometry—The Methods

https://www.sci.utah.edu/~wolters/LiteraturZurVorlesung/Literatur/F:_Anisotropy/AnderssonSkareAshburner_NeuroImage.pdf

How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as “supervisory” cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the “executive function” construct, there has been a historical linkage of these “higher-level” processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term “frontal functions” synonymously with “executive functions” despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms.

http://sites.oxy.edu/clint/physio/article/ExecutiveFunctionandtheFrontalLobes.pdf

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/pdf-files/Gaser-NI99.pdf

Detecting structural changes in whole brain based on nonlinear deformations-application to schizophrenia research

Most research with 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in affective disorders has been done in the field of bipolar disturbances. Reduced frontal and temporal lobe phosphomonoester (PME) concentrations were measured in the euthymic state, whereas increased values were found in the depressed state. In bipolar-II patients reduced phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations were reported in the euthymic, depressed, and manic state. The aim of the present study was to explore whether PME and PCr were also altered in the frontal lobe of major depressed, unipolar patients. Therefore, we used 31P-MRS to investigate the relative phospholipid and high-energy phosphate concentrations in the frontal lobe of 14 unipolar patients, mostly medicated, and 8 age-matched controls. We found increased PME and decreased ATP values. Other 31P-MRS parameters were not different in both groups. Phosphomonoester percentages correlated negatively with the degree of depression. Thus, the main alterations found in bipolar depressed patients could also be demonstrated in unipolar depressed patients. The results are discussed with regard to disturbed phospholipid and intracellular high-energy phosphate metabolism in depressed patients.

31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobe of major depressed patients.

Functional neuroimaging findings of “hypofrontality” in schizophrenic patients – as tested with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) – are still controversial, mainly due to methodological aspects and the heterogeneity of the patient samples. To measure WCST specific and reproducible reduced cerebral activations in schizophrenic patients, we revised the study design and patient recruitment, respectively. For this purpose, we used an adequate active control task instead of an undefined rest condition to determine exclusively WCST specific cerebral activations. In addition, we focused on the investigation of modified activations between a selected group of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients and carefully matched healthy controls by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging.

/pdf/hypofrontality-in-neuroleptic-naive-schizophrenic-patients-450mk5w8zb.pdf

Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test--a fMRI study.

Reduced phosphodiesters and high-energy phosphates in the frontal lobe of schizophrenic patients: a 31P chemical shift spectroscopic-imaging study

A large-area terahertz emitter based on an interdigital finger electrode photoconductive switch on low-temperature grown GaAs attached to a hexagonal microlens array is demonstrated. The hexagonal arranged microlenses direct the incident IR excitation pulses into specified electrode gaps, resulting in constructive interference in the terahertz far field. Using a Ti:sapphire oscillator running at 80MHz with 150fs pulses, 6.5μmTHz average power at 540mW optical excitation is obtained. The maximum IR-to-terahertz conversion efficiency achieved is ⩾1.35×10−5.

https://www.batop.de/information/pdf_files/APL_93_091110.pdf

Stefan Riehemann

Papers

Detecting structural changes in whole brain based on nonlinear deformations-application to schizophrenia research

31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobe of major depressed patients.

Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test--a fMRI study.

Reduced phosphodiesters and high-energy phosphates in the frontal lobe of schizophrenic patients: a 31P chemical shift spectroscopic-imaging study

Microlens coupled interdigital photoconductive switch