Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Objective To present estimates of the lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders with and without severe impairment, their comorbidity across broad classes of disorder, and their sociodemographic correlates. Method The National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement NCS-A is a nationally representative face-to-face survey of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in the continental United States. DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed using a modified version of the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results Anxiety disorders were the most common condition (31.9%), followed by behavior disorders (19.1%), mood disorders (14.3%), and substance use disorders (11.4%), with approximately 40% of participants with one class of disorder also meeting criteria for another class of lifetime disorder. The overall prevalence of disorders with severe impairment and/or distress was 22.2% (11.2% with mood disorders, 8.3% with anxiety disorders, and 9.6% behavior disorders). The median age of onset for disorder classes was earliest for anxiety (6 years), followed by 11 years for behavior, 13 years for mood, and 15 years for substance use disorders. Conclusions These findings provide the first prevalence data on a broad range of mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents. Approximately one in every four to five youth in the U.S. meets criteria for a mental disorder with severe impairment across their lifetime. The likelihood that common mental disorders in adults first emerge in childhood and adolescence highlights the need for a transition from the common focus on treatment of U.S. youth to that of prevention and early intervention.

Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

Results: Although 3-month prevalence of any disorder averaged 13.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.7%15.0%), during the study period 36.7% of participants (31% of girls and 42% of boys) had at least 1 psychiatric disorder. Some disorders (social anxiety, panic, depression, and substance abuse) increased in prevalence, whereas others, including separation anxiety disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), decreased. Lagged analyses showed that children with a history of psychiatric disorder were 3 times more likely than those with no previous disorder to have a diagnosis at any subsequent wave (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.94.9; P.001). Risk from a previous diagnosis was high among both girls and boys, but it was significantly higher among girls. Continuity of the same disorder (homotypic) was significant for all disorders except specific phobias. Continuity from one diagnosis to another (heterotypic) was significant from depression to anxiety and anxiety to depression, from ADHD to oppositional defiant disorder, and from anxiety and conduct disorder to substance abuse. Almost all the heterotypic continuity was seen in girls. Conclusions: The risk of having at least 1 psychiatric disorder by age 16 years is much higher than point estimates would suggest. Concurrent comorbidity and homotypic and heterotypic continuity are more marked in girls than in boys.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/207725/YOA20769.pdf

Prevalence and Development of Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(02)09678-2.pdf

Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61706-7.pdf

Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries

Developmental aspects of psychiatric disorders may be inferred from patterns of age differences in prevalence. Age-specific prevalences are provided for nine disorders in a general population sample of ages 10-20. Age and gender patterns for several disorders suggest developmental stage-associated risks. These include oppositional disorder in both genders and conduct disorder and major depression in girls. Major depression shows a pattern suggestive of a role for the onset of puberty. The prevalence of one or more disorders did not differ by age or gender. However, the pattern of specific diagnoses varied greatly by both age and gender.

An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence—I. Age‐ and Gender‐Specific Prevalence

Background Data from a community-based longitudinal study were used to investigate the association between childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties during adolescence, and suicide attempts during late adolescence or early adulthood. Methods A community sample of 659 families from Upstate New York was interviewed in 1975, 1983, 1985 to 1986, and 1991 to 1993. During the 1991-1993 interview, the mean age of the offspring was 22 years. Results Maladaptive parenting and childhood maltreatment were associated with an elevated risk for interpersonal difficulties during middle adolescence and for suicide attempts during late adolescence or early adulthood after age, sex, psychiatric symptoms during childhood and early adolescence, and parental psychiatric symptoms were controlled statistically. A wide range of interpersonal difficulties during middle adolescence were associated with risk for suicidal behavior after the covariates were controlled. Profound interpersonal difficulties during middle adolescence mediated the association between maladaptive parenting or childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts during late adolescence or early adulthood. Conclusions Maladaptive parenting and childhood maltreatment may be associated with a risk for severe interpersonal difficulties during adolescence. These interpersonal difficulties may play a pivotal role in the development of suicidal behavior. Youths who are at an elevated risk for suicide may tend to be in need of mental health services that can help them to cope with an extensive history of profound interpersonal difficulties, beginning in childhood and continuing through adolescence.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/206635/YOA10189.pdf

Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood.

ContextCigarette smoking is associated with some anxiety disorders, but the
direction of the association between smoking and specific anxiety disorders
has not been determined.ObjectiveTo investigate the longitudinal association between cigarette smoking
and anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults.DesignThe Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation.Setting and ParticipantsCommunity-based sample of 688 youths (51% female) from upstate New York
interviewed in the years 1985-1986, at a mean age of 16 years, and in the
years 1991-1993, at a mean age of 22 years.Main Outcome MeasureParticipant cigarette smoking and psychiatric disorders in adolescence
and early adulthood, measured by age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic
Interview Schedule for Children.ResultsHeavy cigarette smoking (≥20 cigarettes/d) during adolescence was
associated with higher risk of agoraphobia (10.3% vs 1.8%; odds ratio [OR],
6.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-30.17), generalized anxiety disorder
(20.5% vs 3.71%; OR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.84-16.66), and panic disorder (7.7% vs
0.6%; OR, 15.58; 95% CI, 2.31-105.14) during early adulthood after controlling
for age, sex, difficult childhood temperament; alcohol and drug use, anxiety,
and depressive disorders during adolescence; and parental smoking, educational
level, and psychopathology. Anxiety disorders during adolescence were not
significantly associated with chronic cigarette smoking during early adulthood.
Fourteen percent and 15% of participants with and without anxiety during adolescence,
respectively, smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day during early adulthood
(OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.36-2.14).ConclusionOur results suggest that cigarette smoking may increase risk of certain
anxiety disorders during late adolescence and early adulthood.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/193251/JOC01807.pdf

Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood.

Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/295/5564/2468.full.pdf

Television Viewing and Aggressive Behavior During Adolescence and Adulthood

The assumption of adult roles has largely been examined as status changes in school attendance, leaving the parental home, and marriage. Nevertheless, levels of autonomy and individuation vary considerably within these states. This study obtained such information through narrative behavioral descriptions within financial, residential, romantic, and family formation domains covering ages 17 to 27 years. Analyses of data from 240 members of a community-based longitudinal study investigated the association of trajectories in these domains with family socioeconomic status, parental divorce, gender, and race. Findings indicated that subgroup differences were not generally attributable to educational enrollment. Both within and between domains, many individuals showed dramatic changes in the assumption of adult roles, returning to more dependent, other-determined roles for short or even extended periods.

Stephanie Kasen

Papers

An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence—I. Age‐ and Gender‐Specific Prevalence

Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood.

Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood.

Television Viewing and Aggressive Behavior During Adolescence and Adulthood

Variations in patterns of developmental transitions in the emerging adulthood period.