Incorporating recent data, a new set of recommended values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry has just been issued.

The fundamental physical constants

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Cosmology And Controversy The Historical Development Of Two Theories Of The Universe

Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1987. 25: 425-72 Copyright © 1987 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved EXISTENCE AND NATURE OF DARK MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE Virginia T rimble Astronomy Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and Department of Physics, University of California, Irvine, California 92717 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM The ﬁrst detection of nonluminous matter from its gravitational effects occurred in 1844, when Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel announced that several decades of positional measurements of Sirius and Procyon implied that each was in orbit with an invisible companion of mass comparable to its own. The companions ceased to be invisible in 1862, when Alvan G. Clark turned his newly-ground 18%” objective toward Sirius and resolved the 10q‘ of the photons from the system emitted by the white dwarf Sirius B. Studies of astrometric and single-line spectroscopic binaries are the modern descendants of Bessel’s work. A couple of generations later, data implying nonluminous matter on two very different scales surfaced almost simultaneously. First, Oort (498, 499) analyzed numbers and velocities of stars near the Sun and concluded that visible stars fell shy by 30-50% of adding up to the amount of gravitating matter implied by the velocities. Then, in 1933, Zwicky (777) concluded that the velocity dispersions in rich clusters of galaxies required 10 to 100 times more mass to keep them bound than could be accounted for by the luminous galaxies themselves. The former result was taken much more seriously than the latter by contemporary and succeeding astronomers (being digniﬁed by the name “the Oort limit”), which is perhaps more a statement about the personalities of Oort and Zwicky than about anything else. 425 0066-4146/87/0915—0425$02.00 © Annual Reviews Inc. - Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System

Existence and Nature of Dark Matter in the Universe

The fine-structure constant

The idea of consciousness emerging from chaos is not a new idea. In fact, it is one of the oldest ideas of philosophy. What makes it an important idea to herald here in the context of a newly proposed time-equation for space incorporating the Golden Ratio is how the idea of consciousness as a time-equation is associated to “chaos theory”. This third paper shall briefly discuss the Schrodinger equation for light, and then present an improved equation as the time-equation Schrodinger analogue. From there, in using the time-equation, the idea of the emergence of a natural error from the temporal wave function shall be demonstrated to represent a well-known equation for chaos theory, the “logistic map equation”. From there shall be presented the idea of consciousness as a need for this system of time and space to resolve the disparity between light and particle location, together with the need to reach an exact value for “π”. A list of features of this proposal of consciousness as an emergent entity will be presented describing well-known features of conscious expression.

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The Emergence of Consciousness from Chaos

In this development upon three previous papers [1][2][3], we shall explain how Phi-Quantum Wave-Function “crystal constructs” as “elementary particle analogues” could emerge from the proposed time-equation and associated wave-function, and how they then are proposed to associate and develop through a fractal (golden ratio) progression to a macro-world scale, as per a golden ratio sequence of atomic association via an Avogadro number spatial scaling compression process, such with an associated formulation of the background microwave radiation. The emphasis of this paper is to highlight the continued utility of the golden ratio time-equation, as a demonstration of its utility as a theoretic tool, despite its relatively limited theoretic development thus far, exposing the need for more crafting in papers ahead to better account for natural phenomena, including the elementary particle level.

Phi-Quantum Wave-Function Crystal Dynamics

A new approach to understanding the fundamental particles and associated forces via a new a priori definition for space and time is forwarded, and is then linked to contemporary equations for Gravity and Electromagnetism; space as an infinitesimal universal “0”-scalar manifold, and “time” as the “feature” that divides and “qualifies” each 0-scalar spatial reference is discussed. Further, the idea of gravity as an emergent quality of electromagnetism (which here is given the spectra of “time” itself) is proposed by assuming 3-dimensional space as the “fine-structure 0-scalar manifold” while considering "time" as the “symmetry-breaking” principle of entropy “effecting” space, opening to a new mathematical method of applying the concept of time as the “Golden Ratio” equation to spatial transformations. By this process a link between gravity and electromagnetism is established, together with a proposal for the genesis of the four field forces via explaining atomic particle congress in the context of this time-equation, all of such granting electron shell modelling precisely according to the Rydberg description, setting a platform for further theoretic proposals and modelling.

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Gravity’s Emergence from Electrodynamics

In following on from the preceding papers [1-13], this paper presents the case for the disparity between vacuum energy [14] and the associated metric expansion of space energy requirements. A solution is provided to this problem while correctly deriving the value for the Lamb shift radiation as evidence for vacuum energy marrying up correctly with a newly proposed large scale cosmological model, such in the context of a revised understanding of the redshift effect and associated scaling system for the Planck constant [13]. The process of proof presented here is by taking a close look at the theory behind the metric expansion of space, those calculations, and any of those associated assumptions of theory and modelling of time and space in those calculations and observations that could lead to the cosmological constant problem, and thus determine in fact why the value for the proposed energy of space needs to be so disproportionate compared to the known vacuum energy value. Above all, this paper shall present proof for vacuum energy in a steady-state reality, such by using the fundamental basis of the phi-quantum wave-function scaling system in deriving the temperature value of the CMBR and Boltzmann constant, and finally proof for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury which is demonstrated to be directed related to the vacuum energy of space and CMBR.

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Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem

In this series of papers on the golden ratio algorithm (phi-algorithm) for time [1-14], the concept of time as the phi-algorithm has been the core focus of topic. Through the development of the papers, the idea of the phi-algorithm for time seeking to define pi has resulted in the development a vast field of ideas covering what is perceived and measured of the natural physical world, containing equations that fit all observed data regarding the field forces for mass and energy and associated constants thereof. These results took shape from the initial premise of defining space as a “0” 3-d construct associated to time, “time” as a concept that is tagged to a basic logical construct of consciousness, namely the features of time-before, time-now, and time-after, and how that process of time from time-before to time-after can fit with the basic feature of 0-space in time-now. It was proposed that time would propagate from any point in 0-space as a spherical wavefront at a fixed rate. Now, in this paper, that assumption will be fully addressed, namely the assumption of time seeking to conform to a spherical wavefront and thus to the notion of the value of pi. This will be achieved by first addressing how words should be most precisely and efficiently used to explain the notion of space and time in detailing a just as efficient and precise use of numbers describing the process of linking a 0 reference in space to an infinite reference. Then, that description will uphold the findings of papers 1-14 [1-14], most importantly the final premise reached in paper 14 regarding natural radioactive decay. There it shall be explained exists an associated equation for time, not explicitly the phi-algorithm for time, yet an associated algorithm of its own explained in Euler’s formula. The aim here in this paper is to then propose a compromise between two time-theories as a general equation for time involving the value of “Euler’s number”, “phi”, and “pi”.

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Stephen H. Jarvis

Papers

The Emergence of Consciousness from Chaos

Phi-Quantum Wave-Function Crystal Dynamics

Gravity’s Emergence from Electrodynamics

Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem

Hybrid Time Theory: "Euler's Formula" and the "Phi-Algorithm"