Showing papers in "viXra in 2020"

Rational Catalyst and Electrolyte Design for Co2 Electroreduction Towards Multicarbon Products

Abstract: CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to fuels and feedstocks is an attractive route to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and store renewable energy. The generation of more reduced chemicals, especially multicarbon oxygenate and hydrocarbon products (C2+) with higher energy density is highly desirable for industrial applications. However, selective conversion of CO2 to C2+ suffers from high overpotential, low reaction rate and low selectivity, and the process is extremely sensitive to the catalyst structure and electrolyte. Here we discuss strategies to achieve high C2+ selectivity through rational design of the catalyst and electrolyte. Current state-of-the-art catalysts, including Cu and Cu-bimetallic catalysts as well as alternative materials are considered. The importance of taking into consideration the dynamic evolution of the catalyst structure and composition are highlighted, focusing on findings extracted from in situ and operando characterizations. Additional theoretical insight into the reaction mechanisms underlying the improved C2+ selectivity of specific catalyst geometries/compositions in synergy with a well-chosen electrolyte are also provided.

Activity and Selectivity Control in CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products over CuOx Catalysts via Electrolyte Design

Abstract: CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to chemicals and fuels is of both fundamental and practical significance since it would lead to a more efficient storage of renewable energy while closing the carbon cycle. Here we report enhanced activity and selectivity for CO2RR to multicarbon hydrocarbons and alcohols (~69 % Faradaic efficiency and −45.5 mA cm−2 partial current density for C2+ at −1.0 V vs RHE) over O2-plasma-activated Cu catalysts via electrolyte design. Increasing the size of the alkali metal cations in the electrolyte, in combination with the presence of subsurface oxygen species which favor their adsorption, significantly improved C-C coupling on CuOx electrodes. The co-existence of Cs+ and I− induced drastic restructuring of the CuOx surface, the formation of shaped particles containing stable CuI species, and a more favorable stabilization of the reaction intermediates and concomitant high C2+ selectivity. This work combining both experiment and density functional theory, provides insights into the active sites and reaction mechanism of oxide-derived Cu catalysts for CO2RR.

The Role of in Situ Generated Morphological Motifs and Cu(i) Species in C2+ Product Selectivity During Co2 Pulsed Electroreduction

Abstract: The efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 provides a route to fuels and feedstocks. Cu catalysts are well-known to be selective to multicarbon products although the role played by the surface architecture and the presence of oxides is not fully understood. Here, we report improved efficiency towards ethanol by tuning the morphology and oxidation state of the Cu catalysts via pulsed CO2 electrolysis. We establish a correlation between the enhanced production of C2+ products (76 % ethylene, ethanol and n-propanol at -1.0 V vs RHE) and the presence of (100) terraces, Cu2O, and defects on Cu(100). We monitored the evolution of the catalyst morphology by analysis of cyclic voltammetry curves and ex situ atomic force microscopy data, while the chemical state of the surface was examined via quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that the continuous (re-)generation of defects and Cu(I) species synergistically favors the C-C coupling pathways.

Quantum Gravity Emergence from Entanglement in a Multi-Fold Universe

Abstract: We start from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_{MF}}, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multi-fold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) “spooky actions at distance” to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_{MF}, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements. Besides providing a new perspective on quantum gravity, when added to the Standard Model and Standard Cosmology, U_{MF} can contribute explanations of several open questions and challenges. It also clarifies some relationships and challenges met by other quantum gravity models and Theories of Everything. It leads to suggestions for these works. We also reconstruct the spacetime of U_{MF}, starting from the random walks of particles in an early spacetime. U_{MF}now appears as a noncommutative, discrete, yet Lorentz symmetric, spacetime that behaves roughly 2-Dimensional at Planck scales, when it is a graph of microscopic Planck size black holes on a random walk fractal structure left by particles that can also appear as also microscopic black holes. Of course, at larger scales, spacetime appears 4-D, where we are able to explain curvature and recover Einstein’s General Relativity. We also discover an entanglement gravity-like contributions and massive gravity at very small scales. This is remarkable considering that no Hilbert Einstein action, or variations expressing area invariance, were introduced. Our model also explains why semi classical approaches can work till way smaller scale than usually expected and present a new view on an Ultimate Unification of all forces, at very small scales. We also explore opportunities for falsifiability and validation of our model, as well as ideas for futuristic applications that may be worth considering, if U_{MF} was a suitable model for our universe U_{real}.

Herbig Haro Astrophysics Based on Dual Rigid String Black Holes.

Abstract: In Quantum FFF Theory, the new Black Hole based Herbig Haro interpretation is assumed to change our physical life as a whole. Free Energy from the vacuum between two new physics black holes is found in Herbig Haor systems and around all stars called Birkeland Currents. Based on the new dual string knot black hole interpretation of Q-FFF Theory, It is a logic proposal that future Herbig Haro micro ball lightning black hole systems will produce most of our need for electric energy. In contrat with the evaporating black hole suggested by S. Hawking, all Black Holes grow, only by eating other black holes, vacuum particles (dubbed Axion-Higgs), all radiation and Neutrinos. However, BHs, do NOT eat Fermions. The smallest BHs ( Ball Lightning) are unstable, but need radiation support to stay stable. Large ( M87) black holes are observed with rings of plasma which is not eaten by the black hole, but distributed as Fermi bubbles perpendicular to the plane of the Galaxy. However equal sized black holes do repel each other, often leaving a plasma bar in between, as the start of a celestial object. Like a star later a Galaxy or failed star dependent of the scale of the Herbig haro system.

Pros and Cons of Livermorium Nanoparticles for Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Treatment under Synchrotron Radiation Using Mathematica 12.0

Abstract: When Livermorium nanoparticles are subjected to descendent light, a part of light scattered (emission process) and the other part absorbed (non–emission process). The amount of energy dissipation in non–emission process mainly depends on material and volume of nanoparticles and it can be identified by absorption cross section. At the other hand, emission process which its characteristics are depend on volume, shape and surface characteristics of nanoparticles explains by scattering cross section. Sum of absorption and scattering processes which lead to light dissipation is called extinction cross section. In the current study, thermoplasmonic characteristics of Livermorium nanoparticles with spherical, core–shell and rod shapes are investigated. In order to investigate these characteristics, interaction of synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy and Livermorium nanoparticles were simulated using 3D finite element method. Firstly, absorption and extinction cross sections were calculated. Then, increases in temperature due to synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy absorption were calculated in Livermorium nanoparticles by solving heat equation. The obtained results show that Livermorium nanorods are more appropriate option for using in optothermal human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment method.

On the Rank of Elliptic Curves

Abstract: This paper proves that the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture fails in rank one, unlike is claimed in the CMI problem statement

New Black Hole Physics, by Fermion String Repelling Black Holes. the Origin of Quick Star/Galaxy Formation.

Abstract: In Quantum FFF Theory, Fermions are supposed to be small rigid transformer strings with a propeller shape, able to become compound particles to form Quarks. Different elementary particles have different qualities by their different complex stringy shape. Leptons and Quarks have a propeller shape with left or right handed pitch creating charge difference. Gluons, Photons and Neutrino particles have no comparable pitch.

3-Dimensional Rigid Transformer Strings with Composite Topological Strings

Abstract: 3-Dimensional Rigid Transformer Strings with Composite Topological Strings Leo Vuyk, Architect, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. LeoVuyk@Gmail.com Abstract, In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In this paper we present a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four locations divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the “Virgin Mother” of all other particles and is coined Axion Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after real mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in this Quantum Function Follows Form theory, (Q-FFF) the Axion Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transforming its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into composite and compound knots.

The Mirror Symmetric Reflective Multiverse with Fermion Propeller Repelling Black Holes.

Abstract: We humans are our own entangled reflections from far away, in the mirror symmetric Muliverse. The Base for the Ultimate Theory of Everything (TOE) is the reflective entangled multiverse supported by: John Cramer's TI is the same as CP (Charge Parity) symmetric multiverse entanglement. (clocks are running only backwards over there) TI is: Transactional Interpretation between mirror symmetric wavefunctions. Libet's retarded measurement results between RPI and RPII, are assumed to be the support for TI. Bohmian Double Slit Interpretation also seems to need a reflective entangled Universes, and the Benjamin Libet experiment. Mirror symmetry could solve the absence of antimatter in one universe like our sole material universe. My predictions for the TOE (Q-FFF Theory).

Electric Birkeland Current Production Between Two Herbig Haro Black Holes or even Stable Ball Lightnings on Earth.

Abstract: In Quantum FFF Theory. ( Function Follows Form) The Form and Microstructure of elementary particles also presented as “Rigid Transformer Strings” (RTS) is supposed to be the origin of functional differences between Axion-Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a new splitting, accelerating and pairing massless black hole, able to convert vacuum energy (ZPE) into real electric charge differences around the BH horizon, seems to be able to explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation between Herbig Haro Hotspots ( new physics black holes), including hotspots like Sunspots, Comets and even Ball Lightning.

Multi-Task Deep Learning Based CT Imaging Analysis for Covid-19: Classification and Segmentation

Abstract: The fast spreading of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 has aroused worldwide interest and concern, and caused more than one million and a half confirmed cases to date. To combat this spread, medical imaging such as computed tomography (CT) images can be used for diagnostic. An automatic detection tools is necessary for helping screening COVID-19 pneumonia using chest CT imaging. In this work, we propose a multitask deep learning model to jointly identify COVID-19 patient and segment COVID-19 lesion from chest CT images. Our motivation is to leverage useful information contained in multiple related tasks to help improve both segmentation and classification performances. Our architecture is composed by an encoder and two decoders for reconstruction and segmentation, and a multi-layer perceptron for classification. The proposed model is evaluated and compared with other image segmentation and classification techniques using a dataset of 1044 patients including 449 patients with COVID-19, 100 normal ones, 98 with lung cancer and 397 of different kinds of pathology. The obtained results show very encouraging performance of our method with a dice coefficient higher than 0.78 for the segmentation and an area under the ROC curve higher than 93% for the classification.

CO2 Electroreduction on Copper-Cobalt Nanoparticles: Size and Composition Effect

Abstract: Understanding the changes that a catalyst may experience on its surface during a reaction is crucial in order to stablish structure/composition-reactivity correlations. Here, we report on bimetallic size-selected Cu100-xCox nanoparticle (NP) catalysts for CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) and we identify the optimum Cu/Co ratio and NP size leading to improved activity and selectivity. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insight into the morphological, structural, and chemical transformations underwent by the CuCo NPs during CO2RR. We illustrate that the as-prepared state of the bimetallic NPs is drastically different from the structure and surface composition of the working catalyst. Under electrochemical conditions, a reduction of both initially oxidized metallic species was observed, accompanied by Cu surface segregation. Density functional theory (DFT) results from a Cu3X model were used to describe the surface segregation. In order to extract mechanistic understanding, the activity of the experimental Cu and CuCo NPs towards CO2RR was described via DFT in terms of the interaction of Cu facets under expansion and compression with key reaction intermediates, in particular CO* and COOH*.

Little Oxford English Dictionary and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study the Little Oxford English Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries and headwords normalised, respectively, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised as well as unnormalised. We observe that the plots of the entries and the headwords are almost the same. We find that the entries and the headwords underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in presence of little external magnetic field.

The Role of the Copper Oxidation State in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Co2 Into Valuable Hydrocarbons

Abstract: Redox-active copper catalysts with accurately prepared oxidation states (Cu0, Cu+ and Cu2+) and high selectivity to C2 hydrocarbon formation, from electrocatalytic cathodic reduction of CO2, were fabricated and characterized. The electrochemically prepared copper-redox electro-cathodes yield higher activity for the production of hydrocarbons at lower oxidation state. By combining advanced X-ray spectroscopy and in situ micro-reactors it was possible to unambiguously reveal the variation in the complex electronic structure that the catalysts undergo at different stages (i.e. during fabrication and electrocatalytic reactions). It was found that the surface, sub-surface and bulk properties of the electrochemically prepared catalysts are dominated by the formation of copper carbonates on the surface of cupric-like oxides, which prompts catalyst deactivation by restraining effective charge transport. Furthermore, the formation of reduced or partially-reduced copper catalysts yields the key dissociative proton-consuming reactive adsorption of CO2 to produce CO; allowing the subsequent hydrogenation into C2 and C1 products by dimerization and protonation. These results yield valuable information on the variations in the electronic structure that redox-active copper catalysts undergo in the course of the electrochemical reaction, which, under extreme conditions are mediated by thermodynamics but, critically, kinetics dominate near the oxide/metal phase transitions.

Bengali Language, Romanisation and Onsager Core

Abstract: We continue to study Chalantika, a bengali to bengali dictionary. We romanise the bengali alphabet via wikipedia scheme. We reduce the romanised alphabet to English alphabet i.e. the alphabet which appears in an English dictionary. In the reduced alphabet scheme, we draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We observe that behind the words of the dictionary of the bengali language, in the reduced alphabet scheme, the magnetisation curve is BP(4,$\beta H=0.08$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of Ising model with four nearest neighbours, in presence of liitle external magnetic fields, $\beta H=0.08$. Moreover, words of the bengali language in the reduced alphabet scheme, nearly go over to Onsager solution, on few successive normalisations. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is tiny Boltzmann constant.

Oxford Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care and the Graphical Law

Abstract: We study the Oxford Dictionary Of Social Work and Social Care. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.01$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.01$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.

Visayan-English Dictionary and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study the Visayan-English Dictionary(Kapul\'{u}$\bar{n}$gan Binisay\'{a}-Ining\'{l}s). We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

Onsager Core of Abor-Miri and Mising Languages

Abstract: We study an Abor-Miri to English dictionary and a Mising to English dictionary. We count words one by one. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We observe that the graphs are closer to the curves of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature for various approximations of the Ising model. We find that behind the words of Abor-Miri language, the magnetisation curve is BP(4,$\beta H=0.08$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of Ising model with four nearest neighbours, in presence of liitle external magnetic field, $\beta H=0.08$; behind the words of Mising language the magnetisation curve is BW(c=0), in the Bragg-Williams approximation of Ising model in absence of external magnetic field. Neverthless, once the Mising alphabet is reduced to that of Abor-Miri, the magnetisation curve behind the Mising language is BP(4,$\beta H=0.08$). Both seem to underlie the same type of magnetisation curve in the Spin-Glass phase in the presence of external magnetic field. Moreover, words of both Abor-Miri language and the Mising language in the reduced alphabet scheme, go over to Onsager solution, on few successive normalisations. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is Boltzmann constant.

Garo to English School Dictionary and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study a Garo to English School Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

Turkmen-English Dictionary and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study the Turkmen-English Dictionary by Jonathan Garrett, Greg Lastowka, Kimberly Naahielua and Meena Pallipamu. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0.04) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H$=0.04. H is external magnetic field, $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

Tracking Down the Standard Model with Gravity in Multi-Fold Universes

Abstract: In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Besides having multi-folds, and gravitons, living in AdS(5) tangent to the multi-fold universe spacetime, spacetime points and particles or field locally encounter additional 3D spatial dimensions due to the multi-folds used by paths of entangled particles. It provides an apparent local 7D manifold embedding the multi-fold universe spacetime. Modern unconstrained 5+D Kaluza-Klein (KK) empty (flat) space models, i.e. without compactification constraints of the additional spatial dimensions in 7D, allow the recovery from the 7D vacuum of gravity and electromagnetism as well as Yang Mills and the symmetries needed for strong and weak interactions. They also provide geometrical sources for masses, charges, wave functions, equations, quantum behavior and quantum vacuum. Unfortunately, limitations in terms of lack of chirality and chiral fermions, as well as apparition 5th or higher order forces, have tampered the enthusiasm just as what happened with earlier KK models. Within a multi-fold universe, we can recover chiral fermion and chiral symmetry breaking, due to gravity, of Electroweak and Strong interactions, while avoiding 5th (and more) forces, magnetic monopoles (because not relying on compactification), undue precessions, loss of conservation laws or supersymmetry. Such considerations do not work in conventional induced space-time-matter theories. In other words, the Standard Model seems to be induced purely from gravity and spacetime geometries in a multi-fold universe. Explanations for masses, charges and quantum behaviors (wave functions, equations QFT loops and of course entanglement and quantum gravity emerging from entanglement) can be hinted, albeit not (yet) quantified, in multi-fold universes. This is quite an achievement putting multi-fold mechanisms, themselves also physically clarified in terms of mapping, on par with, if not ahead of, other Quantum Gravity, GUTs and ToEs candidates of Unification of Physics. The analysis of 7D empty universes vs. AdS(5) both surrounding any spacetime points, in a multi-fold universe, also illustrates the implications of dualities and the differences between multi-fold universes with additional dimensions vs. the universe where superstrings, supersymmetry, supergravity and M-theory seem to live and matter [Truncated to <400 words by Admin]

Khasi English Dictionary and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study Khasi English Dictionary by U Nissor Singh. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H$=0 i.e. H=0. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

Names of Minor Planets and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names of L. D. Schmadel. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of names, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the names of the minor planets discovered upt o 1900 and 1910 can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0$) and the minor planets discovered up to 1920, 1930 and 1940 can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H=0.02$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.

A Dictionary of Tibetan and English and the Graphical law

Abstract: We study a Dictionary of Tibetan and English by Alexender Csoma de Koros. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bragg-Williams approximation of the Ising model with spin to next spin coupling $\epsilon$, in the presence of $\gamma$ nearest neighbours, and extenal magnetic field H, obeying $\frac{ H}{\gamma \epsilon}=c=0.01$.

(Protonated Rhodochrosite Crystal) Unrestricted Hartree-Fock Computational Simulation in a Protonated Rhodochrosite Crystal

Abstract: In this paper, compact effective potentials, charge distribution, Atomic Polar Tensor (APT) and Mulliken charges were studied using a unrestricted Hartree-Fock computational simulation in a protonated rhodochrosite crystal. The rhodochrosite crystal unit cell of structure CMn6O8, where the charge distribution by the molecule was verifed in the UHF CEP-4G (Effective core potential (ECP) minimal basis), UHF CEP-31G (ECP split valance) and UHF CEP-121G (ECP triple-split basis). The largest load variation in the APT and Mulliken methods were obtained in the CEP-121G basis set, with δ=2.922 e δ=2.650 u.a., respectively, being δAPT> δMulliken. The maximum absorbance peaks in the CEP-4G, CEP-31G and CEP-121G basis set are present at the frequencies 2172.23 cm-1, with a normalized intensity of 0.65; 2231.4 cm-1 and 0.454; and 2177.24 cm-1 and 1.0, respectively. An in-depth study is necessary to verify the absorption by the tumoral and non-tumoral tissues of rhodochrosite, before and after irradiating of synchrotron radiation using Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (SAXS), Ultra–Small Angle X–Ray Scattering (USAXS), Fluctuation X–Ray Scattering (FXS), Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (WAXS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing–Incidence Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GIWAXS), Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X–Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Wide–Angle X–Ray Diffraction (WAXD), Grazing– Incidence X– Ray Diffraction (GIXD) and Energy–Dispersive X–Ray Diffraction (EDXRD). Later studies could check the advantages and disadvantages of rhodochrosite in the treatment of cancer through synchrotron radiation, such as one oscillator crystal.

Combining Conflicting Evidences Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Weighted Graph

Abstract: Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (evidence theory) has been widely used for its great performance of dealing with uncertainty. Based on evidence theory, researchers have presented different methods to combine evidences. Dempster's rule is the most well-known combination method, which has been applied in many fields. However, Dempster's rule may yield counter-intuitive results when evidences are in high conflict. To improve the performance of combining conflicting evidences, in this paper, we present a new evidence combination method based on Pearson correlation coefficient and weighted graph. The proposed method can correctly identify the target with a high accuracy. Besides, the proposed method has a better performance of convergence compared with other combination methods. In addition, the weighted graph generated by the proposed method can directly represent the relation of different evidences, which can help researchers to determine the reliability of every evidence. Moreover, an experiment is expounded to show the efficiency of the proposed method, and the results are analyzed and discussed.

Ultimate Unification: Gravity-led Democracy vs. Uber-Symmetries

Abstract: In this paper, we start from conventional GUTs and ToEs and discuss their challenges due not only to the lack of observations of proton decays and magnetic monopoles, but also to the fact that when gravity is considered, especially with mechanisms a la multi-folds, where gravity emerges from entanglement, both these phenomena are expected to not exist. With only a few exception, ToEs are badly hurt, including many superstrings, and most GUTs are knocked out. Because of the massive gravity at small scale contributed by entanglement in a multi-fold universe, we encounter new lifecycles for charged black holes and discover that, at small scales, gravity is no more the weakest interaction. In fact, sources and carriers of all interactions democratically carry gravity along with their interaction the same way and all interactions have similar strength. It becomes a new symmetric state with an Ultimate Unification of all the forces, but without the hierarchies of symmetry groups typically involved in GUTs, and without intermediate GUTs not involving gravity from the get-go. These results are obtained in a multi-fold universe, but with discussions of what can be said about our real universe.

Finding the Planck Length Multiplied by the Speed of Light Without Any Knowledge of G, c, or h, Using a Newton Force Spring

Abstract: In this paper, we show how one can find the Planck length multiplied by the speed of light from a Newton force spring with no knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant G, the speed of light c, or the Planck constant h. This is remarkable, as for more than a hundred years, modern physics has assumed that one needs to know G, c, and the Planck constant in order to find any of the Planck units. We also show how to find other Planck units using the same method. To find the Planck time and the Planck length, one also needs to know the speed of light. To find the Planck mass and the Planck energy in their normal units, we need to know the Planck constant, something we will discuss in this paper. For these measurements, we do not need any knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant. It can be shown that the Planck length times the speed of light requires less information than any other Planck unit; in fact, it needs no knowledge of any fundamental constant to be measured. This is a revolutionary concept and strengthens the case for recent discoveries in quantum gravity theory completed by Haug [3].