Showing papers in "viXra in 2019"

Nature of Photon

Abstract: It is well known that the photon is only a quanta of electromagnetic radiation However, there are many myths around the photon in contemporary physics, for example, the photon loses energy when traveling through space The article explains the basic features of the photon, such as wave-particle duality, the relation between a continuous electromagnetic wave and a quanta, the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, space of photon, speed of light

Recent Advances in the Modal Model Checker Meth8 and VŁ4 Universal Logic

Abstract: We use the Meth8/VŁ4 modal logic model checker to evaluate 666 artifacts in 3496 assertions to refute 2942 as non tautologous (84.2%). This is the abstract, table of results, and table of contents. The current document in 1112-pages includes the availability of Meth8/VŁ4 and is requestable from info@ersatz-systems.com.

Application of neutrosophic set to multicriteria decision making by copras

Abstract: The paper presents multicriteria decision making method with single value neutrosophic sets (SVNS), namely COPRAS-SVNS. The complex proportional assessment method (COPRAS) has shown accurate results for the solution of various multicriteria decision making problems in the engineering field.

Calculation by Uff Method of Frequencies and Vibrational Temperatures of the Unit Cell of the Rhodochrosite Crystal

Abstract: The electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency is a crystal oscillator. Particularly one using a quartz crystal works by distorting the crystal with an electric field, when voltage is applied to an electrode near or on the crystal. Other crystals such as rhodochrosite also have piezoelectric properties. The rhodochrosite as crystal oscillator for being an alternative to those of quartz. The rhodochrosite (MnC03) shows complete solid solution with siderite (FeC03), and it may contain substantial amounts of Zn, Mg, Co, and Ca. A molecular dynamic via molecular mechanics using the UFF (Universal Forces Field) provided the vibrational frequencies of the fundamental structure of the crystal molecule. The frequencies and vibrational temperatures of the unit cell of rhodochrosite obtained by UFF were calculated in the range from 0.6059 to 1,731.38 cm-1 and 0.87 to 2,491.06 K, respectively.

High–resolution Mapping of Dna/rna Hypermethylation and Hypomethylation Process in Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Under Synchrotron Radiation

Abstract: Changes in DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation patterns are an important characteristic of human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA/RNA molecule. DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation was the initial epigenetic abnormality recognized in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. In addition, DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation have brought more heavy metals from human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation into the human healthy cells and caused more health in the human cells. Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental pollutants. The aim of present study is to be high–resolution mapping of DNA/RNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation process in human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation.

The Effects of Copper Doping on Photocatalytic Activity at (101) Planes of Anatase Tio2: a Theoretical Study

Abstract: Copper dopants are varyingly reported to enhance photocatalytic activity at titanium dioxide surfaces through uncertain mechanisms. In order to interpret how copper doping might alter the performance of titanium dioxide photocatalysts in aqueous media we applied density functional theory methods to simulate surface units of doped anatase (101) planes. By including van der Waals interactions, we consider the energetics of adsorbed water at anatase surfaces in pristine and copper doped systems. Simulation results indicate that copper dopant at anatase (101) surfaces is most stable in a 2+ oxidation state and a disperse configuration, suggesting the formation of secondary CuO phases is energetically unfavourable. In agreement with previous reports, water at the studied surface is predicted to exhibit molecular adsorption with this tendency slightly enhanced by copper. Results imply that the enhancement of photoactivity at anatase surfaces through Cu doping is more likely to arise from electronic interactions mediated by charge transfer and inter-bandgap states increasing photoexcitation and extending surface-hole lifetimes rather than through the increased density of adsorbed hydroxyl groups.

Assessing the Variety of Synchrotron, Synchrocyclotron and Laser Radiations and Their Roles and Applications in Human Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract: Many human cancer cells, tissues and tumors diagnosis and treatment methods and techniques in the world are mostly as synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and LASER radiations. Synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and LASER radiations are the most clinical, medical and medicinal acceptable and reasonable methods and techniques for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors diagnosis and treatment. However, the most important problem is that the produced anti–cancer Nano drugs containing by various chemical and pharmaceutical components, penetrates into the human cancer cells, tissues and tumors and causes the cancer cells, tissues and tumors distribution from the human body. An appropriate diagnosis and treatment method and technique base encapsulation process under synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and LASER radiations prevent the entry of the cancer causes to the human body and have determining role in cancer cells, tissues and tumors distribution control. Synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and LASER radiations are encapsulated products which can solve current problems in human body.

Basque Language and the Graphical Law

Abstract: We study the Basque to English etymological dictionary of late R. L. Trask. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised as well as unnormalised. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in presence of little external magnetic field.

Neural Network-Based Formula for the Buckling Load Prediction of I-Section Cellular Steel Beams

Abstract: Cellular beams are an attractive option for the steel construction industry due to their versatility in terms of strength, size, and weight. Further benefits are the integration of services thereby reducing ceiling-to-floor depth (thus, building’s height), which has a great economic impact. Moreover, the complex localised and global failures characterizing those members have led several scientists to focus their research on the development of more efficient design guidelines. This paper aims to propose an artificial neural network (ANN)-based formula to estimate the critical elastic buckling load of simply supported cellular beams under uniformly distributed vertical loads. The 3645-point dataset used in ANN design was obtained from an extensive parametric finite element analysis performed in ABAQUS. The independent variables adopted as ANN inputs are the following: beam’s length, opening diameter, web-post width, cross-section height, web thickness, flange width, flange thickness, and the distance between the last opening edge and the end support. The proposed model shows a strong potential as an effective design tool. The maximum and average relative errors among the 3645 data points were found to be 3.7% and 0.4%, respectively, whereas the average computing time per data point is smaller than a millisecond for any current personal computer.

A Discipline of Knowledge and the Graphical Law

Abstract: We study English dictionaries of five subjects. We draw in the log scale, number of entries starting with an alphabet vs rank of the alphabet, both normalised. We find that the graphs are closer to the curves of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature for various approximations of Ising model.

Romanian Language, the Graphical Law and More

Abstract: We study a Romanian to English dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in presence of an external magnetic field. Then we draw in the natural logarithm scale, number of nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs respectively, starting with a letter vs rank of the letter, both normalised. We find that the graphs are closer to the curves of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature for various approximations of Ising model with non-random coupling.

Hartree-fock Methods Analysis Protonated Rhodochrosite Crystal and Potential in the Elimination of Cancer Cells Through Synchrotron Radiation

Abstract: The rhodochrosite as crystal oscillator for being an alternative to those of quartz. The rhodochrosite (MnCO3) shows complete solid solution with siderite (FeCO3), and it may contain substantial amounts of Zn, Mg, Co, and Ca. There is no precedent in the literature on the treatment of tumor tissues by eliminating these affected tissues, using rhodocrosite crystals in tissue absorption and eliminating cancerous tissues by synchrotron radiation. The studies that are found are the research papers of this team. Through an unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) computational simulation, Compact effective potentials (CEP), the infrared spectrum of the protonated rhodochrosite crystal, CH19Mn6O8, and the load distribution by the unit molecule by two widely used methods, Atomic Polar Tensor (APT) and Mulliken, were studied. The rhodochrosite crystal unit cell of structure CMn6O8, where the load distribution by the molecule was verified in the UHF CEP-4G (Effective core potential (ECP) minimal basis), UHF CEP-31G (ECP split valance) and UHF CEP121G (ECP triple-split basis). The largest load variation in the APT and Mulliken methods were obtained in the CEP-121G basis set, with δ = 2.922 e δ = 2.650 u. a., respectively, being δAPT > δMulliken. The maximum absorbance peaks in the CEP-4G, CEP-31G and CEP121G basis set are present at the frequencies 2172.23 cm-1 , with a normalized intensity of 0.65; 2231.4 cm-1 and 0.454; and 2177.24 cm-1 and 1.0, respectively. An in-depth study is necessary to verify the absorption by the tumoral and non-tumoral tissues of rhodochrosite, before and after irradiating of synchrotron radiation using Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (SAXS), Ultra–Small Angle X–Ray Scattering (USAXS), Fluctuation X–Ray Scattering (FXS), Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (WAXS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing–Incidence Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GIWAXS), Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS),Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X–Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Wide–Angle X–Ray Diffraction (WAXD), Grazing– Incidence X–Ray Diffraction (GIXD) and Energy–Dispersive X–Ray Diffraction (EDXRD). Later studies could check the advantages and disadvantages of rhodochrosite in the treatment of cancer through synchrotron radiation, such as one oscillator crystal. Studying the sites of rhodocrosite action may lead to a better understanding of its absorption by healthy and/or tumor tissues, thus leading to a better application of synchrotron radiation to the tumors to eliminate them

EM Drive Thruster by Anti Maxwell Dual Monopole Tubular Interference Field Reduction Around a Conductor.

Abstract: A so called Em Drive ( Electro Magentic Drive) defy classical physics expectations because it shows repellent less or reaction less thruster qualities. According to Quantum FFF Theory (Function Follows Form at the quantum level) however, the magnetic field is build on two monopole rigid string particles which can be represented as curved lines of radiation trajectories, for a stable magnetic field more or less cooperating by opposing each other. Thus, the magnetic quantum field has always TWO different shaped curved monopole vector components: a North- and a South vector field component. This is comparable with the electric Quantum field, equipped with Plus and Minus vector components but it is in contrast with all other quantum fields like the neutrino- gravity-or x-gamma ray field. However, based on observation of iron filing-powder patterns, close to direct currents in a wire, it is postulated, that these monopole ( N+S) particle/ wave dualities travel locally parallel to each other inside the vacuum Axion/Higgs field, with a strong field reduction result also called a magnetic B-flied effect. A so called B field is well known to be present around a long solenoid. Inside the spiral solenoid, there is the strongest magnetic field present, however outside the solenoid the magnetic field is reduced down to zero, also originated by the anti Maxwell dipping field effect . This Anti Maxwell dipping phenomenon is originated by the interference of both ( N+S) monopole fields of parallel propagating magnetic monopole radiation trajectories, according to my monopole magnetic Quantum FFF model. These B field reductions (or dipping) are also observed to be concentrated in a tubular form around the current in a conductor..

Discipline of Knowledge and the Graphical Law, Part II

Abstract: We study Oxford English dictionaries of economics, geography and psychology; look into Concise Oxford English dictionaries of linguistics and medical and consult Dorland’s pocket medical dictionary respectively. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the graphs are closer to the curves of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours, in absence and presence of little temperature dependent external magnetic fields i.e. magnetisation curves for various constant values of $\beta H$. For economics, geography and two medical dictionaries $\beta H$ is zero. For linguistics and psychology dictionaries $\beta H$ is 0.02. Moreover, we have redone the analysis for the Oxford Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering as well as for the Oxford Dictionary of Science and have found that the entries underlie magnetisation curves for the the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours with $\beta H=0.02$ and $\beta H=0.01$ respectively. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is Boltzmann constant.

How to Win the War on Drugs

Abstract: A small paper i wrote in half an hour. Written for the sake of Discussion. Wrong or right i am all ears.

Bengali Language and Graphical Law

Abstract: We study a bengali to bengali dictionary. We draw in the log scale, number of words starting with a letter vs rank of the letter, both normalised. We find that the graphs are closer to the curves of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature for various approximations of Ising model.

Rhodochrosite as Crystal Oscillator

Abstract: h as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress, phenomenon called piezoelectricity. A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is th quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators. Particularly one using a quartz crystal, works by distorting the crystal with an electric field, when voltage is applied to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz - which oscillates in a precise frequency - generates an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like an RLC circuit, but with a much higher Q. Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz. More than two billion crystal are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, radios, computers, cell phones, signal generators and oscilloscopes

Preface of the Vladimir Leonov to Volume 1 Quantum Energetics. Theory of Superunification

Abstract: I wrote the preface to Volume 1 in 2009 when I was preparing a translation into English of my main book Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification. Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2010, 745 pages. This book in Russian was written by me in 1996...2000. Finally, the very fact of creating the theory of Superunification as the main physical theory of all times and nations was accomplished. However, the scientific community does not know practically anything about the theory of Superunification, because it does not read thick books, and I did not write small articles. I was always very busy and did not have time to write small articles in magazines. In addition, the editorial policy of magazines left much to be desired. If you have written a new theory that its publication in the magazine will have a problem. Given the existing editorial policy of magazines, even Einstein could not publish his articles. The theory of Superunification is a new quantum theory in which so far no one understands anything. But I am not only a theoretical physicist, but I am also an experimenter, inventor and entrepreneur in the field of new energy and new space technologies. My quantum engine (Leonov’s drive) without fuel is 100 times more efficient than a liquid rocket engine (LRE). The e-print viXra is a very convenient archive for quickly and freely posting new scientific discoveries and inventions.

Storm Vortex in the Center of Paraná State on June 6, 2017: A Case Study

Abstract: A vortex originating from a cumulonimbus cloud, tapering toward the ground, and touching it is called a tornado. Feared and admired by man, the tornado is an atmospheric phenomenon that can cause a catastrophe to pass through. If it reaches an unsuspecting and unprotected population on inhabited urban and rural properties, it can lead to human losses and serious material damage. It causes serious losses with the death of wild and farmed animals. On June 6, 2017, an alleged tornado hit the municipalities of Rio Branco do Ivai and Rosario do Ivai, located in the state of Parana, southern Brazil. The images of the alleged tornado have been disseminated on social networks and in several newspapers in the country. Local officials reported the damage caused by the alleged tornado, causing a large number of homeless, with the destruction of houses, as well as the killing of animals and the destruction of rural properties. The occurrence of tornado had not been confirmed by the country's meteorological institutes. A search was initiated to verify the probable cause of the losses and damages caused in these counties, by the supposed tornado. The analyzes indicate that not one, but probably more than a tornado hit the counties of the central region of Parana state.

Rhodochrosite Optical Indicatrix

Abstract: The name rhodochrosite is from the Greek ῤοδοχρωϛ (ῤοδο - rose + χρωϛ - color). It is said the inca rose designation is based on the “fact” that some of it comes from stalctitic and stalagmitic growths in silver mines worked by the ancient Incas. The electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials, such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress, phenomenon called piezoelectricity. The electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency is a crystal oscillator. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators.

Zero and Infinity; Their Interrelation by Means of Division by Zero

Abstract: In this paper, we first fix the definitions of zero and infinity in very general senses and we will give their simple and definite relation by means of division by zero. On this problem and relation we have considered over the long history beyond mathematics. As our mathematics, we will be able to obtain some definite result for the relation clearly with new concept and model since Aristotle and Euclid.

Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem

Abstract: In following on from the preceding papers [1-13], this paper presents the case for the disparity between vacuum energy [14] and the associated metric expansion of space energy requirements. A solution is provided to this problem while correctly deriving the value for the Lamb shift radiation as evidence for vacuum energy marrying up correctly with a newly proposed large scale cosmological model, such in the context of a revised understanding of the redshift effect and associated scaling system for the Planck constant [13]. The process of proof presented here is by taking a close look at the theory behind the metric expansion of space, those calculations, and any of those associated assumptions of theory and modelling of time and space in those calculations and observations that could lead to the cosmological constant problem, and thus determine in fact why the value for the proposed energy of space needs to be so disproportionate compared to the known vacuum energy value. Above all, this paper shall present proof for vacuum energy in a steady-state reality, such by using the fundamental basis of the phi-quantum wave-function scaling system in deriving the temperature value of the CMBR and Boltzmann constant, and finally proof for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury which is demonstrated to be directed related to the vacuum energy of space and CMBR.

On the Maximum X Entropy Negation of a Complex-Valued Distribution

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a generalized model of the negation function, so that it can has more powerful capability to represent the knowledge and uncertainty measure. In particular, we first define a vector representation of complex-valued distribution. Then, an entropy measure is proposed for the complex-valued distribution, called X entropy. After that, a transformation function to acquire the negation of the complex-valued distribution is exploited. Finally, we verify that the proposed negation method has a maximal entropy.x

Space, and the Propagation of Light

Abstract: In this paper, theoretical uncertainties fuelled by ad-hoc fixes of theory to explain observed astrophysical anomalies using models upholding the idea of space being a field of potential inertia for bodies in relative motion are discussed. A few of the basic discussion points include determining the difference between scientific space and mathematical space, the cosmic expansion of space, the ad-hoc theoretical localised effect of gravity in galaxies, and the need to use ideas such as dark matter and dark energy. This paper takes the current uncertainties and ad-hoc theoretical fixes in astrophysics theory and places those uncertainties and ad-hoc theoretical fixes together with the aim of determining the root cause of all the general anomalies, here in this paper identified as the idea of labelling space with “inertia”. Then, a general idea of space, more universal than contemporary theories hold, is presented, and demonstrated to uphold all observed astrophysical data. The general “fix” proposed here is a new theory for space, joining both the contemporary scientific and mathematical notions of space in the one construct without using the idea of “inertia”. To achieve this task, a general review of astrophysical data is presented, and each theoretical step used in history to explain that observed astrophysical data, while along the process here making mention both the uncertainty and the ad-hoc theoretical fix being used. all leading to “one” fundamental key oversight in physics theory, prompting the general fix to the standard model. Finally, a new landscape of the universe as a model is presented bearing reference to this new appraisal of space, further shedding light on the previous series of papers [1-10].

Golden Ratio Entropic Gravity: Gravitational Singularity "Field" Testing

Abstract: In taking up from the preliminary papers [1][2][3][4][5][6] regarding the golden ratio algorithm for time, specifically paper 5 [5] regarding entropy and enthalpy, and paper 6 [6] regarding the golden ratio algorithm for the idea of the relativity of time, the key focus of this paper is the process of gravity emerging from electrodynamics and how that can be demonstrated per experiment. First, the nature of gravity as an emergent feature as per the golden ratio time-algorithm is discussed, highlighting mathematically its nature in space as a “singularity” that allows for the idea of kinetic energy, a feature known to co-exist with the idea of gravity. Two key experiments for gravity emerging from electrodynamics are then proposed, tested, the results of which then discussed, shedding new and important light on current “RF Resonant Cavity Thruster (EM-drive)” research.

Space, and the Nature of Gravity

Abstract: In taking up from the preliminary papers [1-11], the idea of gravity as a process of the nature of space shall be presented; the idea of space will be defined in a way that is able to support how Newton derived the equation for gravity using astronomical observations consistent with gravity being an “immediate” field force and not one travelling at “c”, while accommodating for Einstein’s “curvature of spacetime” theory for gravity. In using a definition of space that carries the notion of gravity being an immediate field force, a number of key features of quantum mechanics are able to be explained regarding the behaviour of light, this by defining “space” as “nothingness”, and as a type of feature of “uncertainty” that a quantum reference would abide by, as though space has its own “program” as “nothing”, putting everything within it as that which is defined as uncertain, not clearly definable, and thus must exist randomly, like a process of natural uncertainty. It is then highlighted how Einstein’s special and general relativity is incorrect in its application of the idea of measuring inertial frames of reference using the speed of light in his assuming, through such a process, that gravity, and thus inertial frames of reference, operate at light speed, despite relativity theory being accurate with the idea of gravity as a curvature of spacetime. Finally, an update to the method of proof in paper 7 [7], “Golden Ratio Entropic Gravity: Gravitational Singularity Field Testing”, is offered based on this new understanding of space and gravity, with associated confirmatory results posted.

We Can Divide the Numbers and Analytic Functions by Zero\\ with a Natural Sense.

Abstract: It is a famous word that we are not permitted to divide the numbers and functions by zero. In our mathematics, {\bf prohibition} is a famous word for the division by zero. For this old and general concept, we will give a simple and affirmative answer. In particular, certainly we gave several generalizations of division as in referred in the above, however, we will wish to understand with some good feelings for {\bf the division by zero}. We wish to know the division by zero with some good feelings. We wish to give clearly a good meaning for the division by zero in this paper.

The Golden Ratio Time Algorithm

Abstract: This paper, a follow-on from seven previous papers [1]-[7], will discuss historical notions of time in science, time as a concept applied to scientific theory, and then discuss those problems that have been presented to science in using certain axiom definitions of time. The newly proposed axiom for time is re-presented as an algorithm that can knit together much of what is known of physical scientific data, including Einstein’s well-known equation. The quest of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to marry up many known scientific principles using a common mathematical “function” for time, as the golden ratio time-equation.

Perspectives on the Elimination of Cancer Cells Using Rhodochrosite Crystal Through Synchrotron Radiation, and Absorption the Tumoral and NonTumoral Tissues

Abstract: The rhodochrosite as crystal oscillator for being an alternative to those of quartz. The rhodochrosite (MnCO3) shows completesolid solution with siderite (FeCO3), and it may contain substantial amounts of Zn, Mg, Co, and Ca. There is no precedent in theliterature on the treatment of tumor tissues by eliminating these affected tissues, using rhodocrosite crystals in tissue absorption and eliminating cancerous tissues by synchrotron radiation. The infrared rhodochrosite spectrum of the vibration absorbance frequencies was obtained to verify that these frequencies should be used in synchrotron radiation, which can destroy cancerous cells by absorbing such crystals. Hartree-Fock methods also analyzed APT and Mulliken charges, verifying the main binding sites of Manganese, Oxygen and Carbon atoms in cancerous tumors. Later studies could check the advantages and disadvantages of rhodochrosite in the treatment of cancer through synchrotron radiation, such as one oscillator crystal. An in-depth study is necessary to verify the absorption by the tumoral and non-tumoral tissues of rhodochrosite, before and after irradiating of synchrotron radiation using Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (SAXS), Ultra–Small Angle X–Ray Scattering (USAXS), Fluctuation X–Ray Scattering (FXS), Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (WAXS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing–Incidence Wide–Angle X–Ray Scattering (GIWAXS), Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Grazing–Incidence Small–Angle Neutron Scattering (GISANS), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X–Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Wide–Angle X–Ray Diffraction (WAXD), Grazing– Incidence X–Ray Diffraction (GIXD) and Energy–Dispersive X–Ray Diffraction (EDXRD.

Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Investigation on Adsorption of Divalent Copper Using Agro-Waste Biomaterials, Musa Acuminata, Casuarina Equisetifolia L. and Sorghum Bicolor

Abstract: Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder (SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order, Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II) from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.