http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI%20101/Andrady2011Plastics.pdf

Microplastics in the marine environment

Sustainable Development Goals

The recent advances in nanotechnology and the corresponding increase in the use of nanomaterials in products in every sector of society have resulted in uncertainties regarding environmental impacts. The objectives of this review are to introduce the key aspects pertaining to nanomaterials in the environment and to discuss what is known concerning their fate, behavior, disposition, and toxicity, with a particular focus on those that make up manufactured nanomaterials. This review critiques existing nanomaterial research in freshwater, marine, and soil environments. It illustrates the paucity of existing research and demonstrates the need for additional research. Environmental scientists are encouraged to base this research on existing studies on colloidal behavior and toxicology. The need for standard reference and testing materials as well as methodology for suspension preparation and testing is also discussed.

Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

/pdf/science-and-technology-roadmap-for-graphene-related-two-4q9m7czlkc.pdf

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of “the dose makes the poison,” because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from...

/pdf/hormones-and-endocrine-disrupting-chemicals-low-dose-effects-2vn32zoqc8.pdf

Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses

The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of absorption of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) across the gut epithelial cells in Daphnia magna. Several microscopic...

/pdf/microscopic-investigation-of-single-wall-carbon-nanotube-32zesr341n.pdf

Microscopic investigation of single-wall carbon nanotube uptake by Daphnia magna

Effect of pulse frequency and interval on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna.

Water quality influences the bioavailability and toxicity of copper to aquatic organisms. Understanding the relationships between water-quality parameters and copper toxicity may facilitate the development of site-specific criteria for water quality and result in better protection of aquatic biota. Many studies have examined the influence of a single water-quality parameter on copper toxicity, but the interactions of several characteristics have not been well studied in low-hardness water. The goal of the present research was to examine the interactions among water-quality characteristics and their effects on copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, DOC source, pH, and hardness on acute copper toxicity were determined using a complete factorially designed experiment. Hardness, pH, DOC, and interaction of pH and DOC all significantly affected copper toxicity. A predictive model based on these data described 88% of the variability in copper toxicity. This model also explained 58% of the variability in copper toxicity for an independent dataset of South Carolina (USA) waters. The biotic ligand model underpredicted the acute copper toxicity to fathead minnows when compared with observed values.

Influence of multiple water‐quality characteristics on copper toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

A tiered approach was employed to determine risks posed to aquatic organisms exposed to dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA). Tier one assessments used conservative exposure and toxicity data and indicated that potential toxicity warranted a more rigorous risk assessment. Tier two used discharge and stream flow data to develop a probabilistic model of DBNPA concentrations reaching the stream. Predicted 90th percentile in-stream DBNPA concentrations were compared to all available toxicity data for aquatic organisms at several different trophic levels. The EC10 for one organism was similar to the calculated 90th percentile of DBNPA concentrations in streams. Using the complete EC10 data set and comparing the 10th percentile EC10 with the 90th percentile environmental concentration, DBNPA did not pose a measurable risk to the aquatic ecosystem.

Annual Review AN ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE USE OF THE BIOCIDE, DIBROMONITRILOPROPIONAMIDE (DBNPA), IN INDUSTRIAL COOLING SYSTEMS

Rooted aquatic vascular plants are exposed to both overlying rvater and sediment and are able to absorb nutrients and chemicals from both of these environments. Translocation of sediment-retained contaminants by plants presents the possibility of contaminant redistribution into the water column or food chain. For [ 14 C]atrazine exposure in solution, uptake and release approached equilibrium within 1 and 2 h for shoot and root tissue, respectively. [ 14 C]Lindane and [ 14 C]chlordane concentrations in the root and shoot reached equilibrium within 24 and 144 h, respectively (...)

Stephen J. Klaine

Papers

Microscopic investigation of single-wall carbon nanotube uptake by Daphnia magna

Effect of pulse frequency and interval on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna.

Influence of multiple water‐quality characteristics on copper toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Annual Review AN ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE USE OF THE BIOCIDE, DIBROMONITRILOPROPIONAMIDE (DBNPA), IN INDUSTRIAL COOLING SYSTEMS

Uptake and translocation of selected organic pesticides by the rooted aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata Royle