https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1380017/1/1-s2.0-S0895435613003545-main.pdf

Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: new concepts are needed to study research participation effects.

These recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) are based on available literature and expert opinion. It is intended that this be a living document, to be updated when needed as more research becomes available to influence good clinical practice. Unfortunately, there is a relative lack of high-quality randomized trials in the field of hypertension in pregnancy compared with studies in essential hypertension outside of pregnancy, and ISSHP encourages greater funding and uptake of collaborative research in this field. Accordingly, the quality of evidence for the recommendations in this document has not been graded although relevant references and explanations are provided for each recommendation. The document will be a living guideline, and we hope to be able to grade recommendations in the future.

Guidelines and recommendations for management of hypertension in pregnancy are typically written for implementation in an ideal setting. It is acknowledged that in many parts of the world, it will not be possible to adopt all of these recommendations; for this reason, options for management in less-resourced settings are discussed separately in relation to diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment.

This document has been endorsed by the International Society of Obstetric Medicine and the Japanese Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy.

All units managing hypertensive pregnant women should maintain and review uniform departmental management protocols and conduct regular audits of maternal and fetal outcomes.

The cause(s) of preeclampsia and the optimal clinical management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remain uncertain; therefore, we recommend that every hypertensive pregnant woman be offered an opportunity to participate in research, clinical trials, and follow-up studies.

### Classification

1. Hypertension in pregnancy may be chronic (predating pregnancy or diagnosed before 20 weeks of pregnancy) or de novo (either preeclampsia or gestational hypertension).

2. Chronic hypertension is associated with adverse …

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice.

ACOG practice bulletin: Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61229-X.pdf

Global epidemiology of sickle haemoglobin in neonates: a contemporary geostatistical model-based map and population estimates.

Early-onset sepsis remains a common and serious problem for neonates, especially preterm infants. Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the most common etiologic agent, while Escherichia coli is the most common cause of mortality. Current efforts toward maternal intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis have significantly reduced the rates of GBS disease but have been associated with increased rates of Gram-negative infections, especially among very-low-birth-weight infants. The diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is based on a combination of clinical presentation; the use of nonspecific markers, including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin (where available); blood cultures; and the use of molecular methods, including PCR. Cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cell surface antigens, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) and CD64, are also being increasingly examined for use as nonspecific screening measures for neonatal sepsis. Viruses, in particular enteroviruses, parechoviruses, and herpes simplex virus (HSV), should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Empirical treatment should be based on local patterns of antimicrobial resistance but typically consists of the use of ampicillin and gentamicin, or ampicillin and cefotaxime if meningitis is suspected, until the etiologic agent has been identified. Current research is focused primarily on development of vaccines against GBS.

Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis

Objective Our objective was to characterize the most frequently cited articles published in obstetrics and gynecology journals during the last 50 years. Study Design We utilized the 2008 edition of Journal Citation Reports and Social Sciences Citation Index database to determine the most frequently cited articles published after 1956. Articles were evaluated for several characteristics, and an unadjusted categorical analysis was performed to compare pre- and post-1980 articles. Results The 100 most frequently cited articles were published in 11 journals between 1957 and 2004. Most articles were published by US-based authors. Forty-four articles were related to obstetrics and 56 were related to gynecology. The most common study design was observational. There were only 7 randomized controlled trials, and randomized controlled trials were not more common after 1980 (6.3% vs 8.1%; P = .71). Conclusion Most "citation classics" in obstetrics and gynecology are observational studies published in high-impact journals by US-based authors after 1980.

Citation Classics in Obstetrics and Gynecology: The 100 Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles in the Last 50 Years

Patient preference regarding first-trimester aneuploidy risk assessment

Objective To evaluate the association between planned home birth and neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods This is a case-control study in which a database of neonates who underwent head cooling for HIE at our institution from 2007 to 2011 was linked to New York City (NYC) vital records. Four normal controls per case were then randomly selected from the birth certificate data after matching for year of birth, geographic location, and gestational age. Demographic and obstetric information was obtained from the vital records for both the cases and controls. Location of birth was analyzed as hospital or out of hospital birth. Details from the out of hospital deliveries were reviewed to determine if the delivery was a planned home birth. Maternal and pregnancy characteristics were examined as covariates and potential confounders. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds of HIE by intended location of delivery. Results Sixty-nine neonates who underwent head cooling for HIE had available vital record data on their births. The 69 cases were matched to 276 normal controls. After adjusting for pregnancy characteristics and mode of delivery, neonates with HIE had a 44.0-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-256.4] odds of having delivered out of hospital, whether unplanned or planned. Infants with HIE had a 21.0-fold (95% CI 1.7-256.4) increase in adjusted odds of having had a planned home birth compared to infants without HIE. Conclusion Out of hospital birth, whether planned home birth or unplanned out of hospital birth, is associated with an increase in the odds of neonatal HIE.

Planned home birth and the association with neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Factors associated with fetal demise in fetal echogenic bowel.

Objective. To describe outcomes in twin pregnancies with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).Methods. Dichorionic twin pregnancies complicated by PPROM at <34 weeks of gestation for the period 2003 to 2006 were identified. Outcomes were obtained through chart review. The relationship between gestational age at premature rupture of membranes (PROM), latency from PROM to delivery, and infection were examined.Results. In 49 twin pregnancies, the median gestational age at PROM was 31 weeks with a median latency between PROM and delivery of 0 days (interquartile range 0–6). Latency intervals of ≥2 and ≥7 days were achieved by 40.8% and 22.4%, respectively. PPROM at <30 weeks was associated with significantly higher rates of latency of ≥ 2 days (70.6% vs. 25.0%) and ≥7 days (47.1% vs. 9.4%). There was a significant relationship between latency and clinical and histologic signs of infection.Conclusions. After 30 weeks, most twin pregnancies with PPROM delivered within 2 days. Infection appears to be a...

Stephen T. Chasen

Papers

Citation Classics in Obstetrics and Gynecology: The 100 Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles in the Last 50 Years

Patient preference regarding first-trimester aneuploidy risk assessment

Planned home birth and the association with neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

Factors associated with fetal demise in fetal echogenic bowel.

Outcomes of preterm premature rupture of membranes in twin pregnancies