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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Flatfi shes are very accessible in the wild and hardy in the laboratory, thus many of the early studies of fi sh growth used fl atfi shes, especially plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the Atlantic and a number of species in the Pacifi c. As the science of fi sheries developed, so did the need to quantify the population structure and growth characteristics of the different fl atfi sh species. In fact, the importance of ageing fi shes and determining their growth rate was realised early in the last century (Allen 1916). Much of the early information on the aging and growth of fl atfi shes (primarily plaice) is referenced in Wimpenny (1953), Graham (1956) and Beverton & Holt (1957). Prior to the 1950s researchers had gained a fairly good understanding of the methods. A clear pattern of summer and winter growth was recognised in the otoliths, which were fi rst used in the late 1800s. Other bony structures such as opercular bones, the pectoral girdle and the concave faces of the vertebrae exhibited seasonal growth patterns (Cunningham 1905) but these were not as distinctive as those on the otoliths. The observation that a pair of rings may not delimit 1 year’s growth led to early verifi cation studies based on marginal increment analyses. Experimental work on plaice and fl ounder (Platichthys fl esus) showed that the seasonal pattern on both otoliths and scales was primarily driven by seasonal changes in water temperature rather than by variations in food availability. The use of otoliths for age estimation of fl atfi shes was not universal. Species differences slowly became apparent and methodological refi nements followed. Direct measurements of the growth of fl atfi shes were afforded by series of tagging and transplantation experiments, and laboratory or enclosure experiments (Johnstone et al. 1921). In all cases it was apparent that there was considerable variability in individual growth rates and that growth rates varied between areas. The widespread sexual dimorphism in growth with females growing faster and reaching larger sizes than males was also recognised (e.g. Johnstone et al. 1921; Bigelow & Schroeder 1953; Bagenal, 1955). The effects of gear selectivity and ontogenetic behavioural changes of fl atfi shes on the accurate estimation of age structure and growth rates were recognised, especially with the offshore movement of larger juvenile plaice from the nursery grounds and a general offshore movement with size and age. The possibility that fi shing pressure could make major changes to the age structure and growth of commercially exploited fl atfi sh populations was mentioned by Jones (1958), citing the prevalence of Rosa Lee’s phenomenon in plaice.

https://folk.uib.no/nfiag/nfiag/reprints/chapter7.pdf

Age and Growth

Many calcified structures produce periodic growth increments useful for age determination at the annual or daily scale. However, age determination is invariably accompanied by various sources of error, some of which can have a serious effect on age-structured calculations. This review highlights the best available methods for insuring ageing accuracy and quantifying ageing precision, whether in support of large-scale production ageing or a small-scale research project. Included in this review is a critical overview of methods used to initiate and pursue an accurate and controlled ageing program, including (but not limited to) validation of an ageing method. The distinction between validation of absolute age and increment periodicity is emphasized, as is the importance of determining the age of first increment formation. Based on an analysis of 372 papers reporting age validation since 1983, considerable progress has been made in age validation efforts in recent years. Nevertheless, several of the age validation methods which have been used routinely are of dubious value, particularly marginal increment analysis. The two major measures of precision, average percent error and coefficient of variation, are shown to be functionally equivalent, and a conversion factor relating the two is presented. Through use of quality control monitoring, ageing errors are readily detected and quantified; reference collections are the key to both quality control and reduction of costs. Although some level of random ageing error is unavoidable, such error can often be corrected after the fact using statistical (‘digital sharpening)’ methods.

Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods

Many problems in the experimental estimation of parameters for models can be solved through use of the likelihood ratio test. Applications of the likelihood ratio, with particular attention to photon counting experiments, are discussed. The procedures presented solve a greater range of problems than those currently in use, yet are no more difficult to apply. The procedures are proved analytically, and examples from current problems in astronomy are discussed.

Parameter estimation in astronomy through application of the likelihood ratio. [satellite data analysis techniques

Connectivity, or the exchange of individuals among marine populations, is a central topic in marine ecology. For most benthic marine species with complex life cycles, this exchange occurs primarily during the pelagic larval stage. The small size of larvae coupled with the vast and complex fluid environment they occupy hamper our ability to quantify dispersal and connectivity. Evidence from direct and indirect approaches using geochemical and genetic techniques suggests that populations range from fully open to fully closed. Understanding the biophysical processes that contribute to observed dispersal patterns requires integrated interdisciplinary approaches that incorporate high-resolution biophysical modeling and empirical data. Further, differential postsettlement survival of larvae may add complexity to measurements of connectivity. The degree to which populations self recruit or receive subsidy from other populations has consequences for a number of fundamental ecological processes that affect population regulation and persistence. Finally, a full understanding of population connectivity has important applications for management and conservation.

Larval Dispersal and Marine Population Connectivity

The fish otolith (earstone) has long been known as a timekeeper, but interest in its use as a metabolically inert environmental recorder has accelerated in recent years. In part due to technological advances, applications such as stock identification, determination of migration pathways, reconstruction of temperature and salinity history, age validation, detection of anadromy, use as a natural tag and chemical mass marking have been developed, some of which are difficult or impossible to implement using alternative techniques. Microsampling and the latest advances in beam-based probes allow many elemental assays to be coupled with daily or annual growth increments, thus providing a detailed chronological record of the environment. However, few workers have critically assessed the assumptions upon which the environmental reconstructions are based, or considered the possibility that elemental incorporation into the otolith may proceed differently than that into other calcified structures. This paper reviews current applications and their assumptions and suggests future directions. Particular attention is given to the premises that the elemental and isotopic composition of the otolith reflects that of the environment, and the effect of physiological filters on the resulting composition. The roles of temperature, elemental uptake into the fish and the process of otolith crystallization are also assessed. Drawing upon recent advances in geochemistry and paleoclimate research as points of contrast, it appears that not all applications of otolith chemistry are firmly based, although others are destined to become powerful and perhaps routine tools for the mainstream fish biologist.

/pdf/chemistry-and-composition-of-fish-otoliths-pathways-1r6lzak7ue.pdf

Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths : pathways, mechanisms and applications

Otolith microstructure examination has found an increasing number of applications in recent years. However, few workers have critically assessed the assumptions upon which the age and growth infere...

Microstructure of Fish Otoliths

The chronological properties of otoliths are unparalleled in the animal world, allowing accurate estimates of age and growth at both the daily and the yearly scale. Based on the successes of calcified structures as environmental proxies in other taxa, it was logical that researchers should attempt to link otolith biochronologies with otolith chemistry. With the benefit of hindsight, this anticipation may have been naive. For instance, the concentrations of many elements are lower in the otolith than in corals, bivalves, seal teeth, or the other bony structures of fish, making them less than ideal for elemental analyses. Nevertheless, there is growing interest in the use of otolith chemistry as a natural tag of fish stocks. Such applications are directed at questions concerning fish populations rather than using the fish as a passive recorder of the ambient environment and do not rely upon any explicit relationship between environmental variables and otolith chemistry. The questions that can be addressed w...

Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations?

Growth back-calculations from otoliths assume that the relationship between fish and otolith length is linear through time. The final (or observed) individual fish-otolith ratios are then combined ...

Steven E. Campana

Papers

Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods

Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths : pathways, mechanisms and applications

Microstructure of Fish Otoliths

Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations?

How Reliable are Growth Back-Calculations Based on Otoliths?