Developing and implementing successful interventions often depend upon effectively addressing ethnicity and social class factors, as these influence sexual behavior and its risks. Sexual attitudes differ across cultures. In most cultures, there are strong standards regarding sexual behavior which differ for men and women. Cultural differences also affect the extent to which early sexual behavior is considered acceptable.

Guidelines for Prevention, I

Make more knowledge even in less time every day. You may not always spend your time and money to go abroad and get the experience and knowledge by yourself. Reading is a good alternative to do in getting this desirable knowledge and experience. You may gain many things from experiencing directly, but of course it will spend much money. So here, by reading a textbook of oral pathology, you can take more advantages with limited budget.

A textbook of oral pathology: William G. Shafer, D.D.S., Maynard K. Hine, D.D.S., Barnet M. Levy, D.D.S., and Charles E. Tomich, D.D.S., ed. 4, Philadelphia, 1983, W. B. Saunders Co. 917 pages. $36.50

A Position Paper Subcommittee of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAOMR) reviewed the literature since the original position statement on selection criteria for radiology in dental implantology, published in 2000. All current planar modalities, including intraoral, panoramic, and cephalometric, as well as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are discussed, along with radiation dosimetry and anatomy considerations. We provide research-based, consensus-derived clinical guidance for practitioners on the appropriate use of specific imaging modalities in dental implant treatment planning. Specifically, the AAOMR recommends that cross-sectional imaging be used for the assessment of all dental implant sites and that CBCT is the imaging method of choice for gaining this information. This document will be periodically revised to reflect new evidence.

Position statement of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology on selection criteria for the use of radiology in dental implantology with emphasis on cone beam computed tomography

Benign fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial complex are represented by a variety of disease processes that are characterized by pathologic ossifications and calcifications in association with a hypercellular fibroblastic marrow element. The current classification includes neoplasms, developmental dysplastic lesions and inflammatory/reactive processes. The definitive diagnosis can rarely be rendered on the basis of histopathologic features alone; rather, procurement of a final diagnosis is usually dependent upon assessment of microscopic, clinical and imaging features together. Fibrous dysplasia and osteitis deformans constitute two dysplastic lesions in which mutations have been uncovered. Other dysplastic bone diseases of the craniofacial complex include florid osseous dysplasia, focal cemento-osseous dysplasia and periapical cemental dysplasia, all showing a predilection for African descent individuals; although no specific genetic alterations in DNA coding have yet to be uncovered and most studies have been derived from predominant high African descent populations. Ossifying fibromas are neoplastic lesions with four subtypes varying with regard to behavior and propensity for recurrence after surgical excision. The clinicopathologic and molecular features of this unique yet heterogeneous group of diseases are reviewed.

Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Craniofacial Complex A Review

As CBCT is widely used in dental and maxillofacial imaging, it is important for users as well as referring practitioners to understand the basic concepts of this imaging modality. This review covers the technical aspects of each part of the CBCT imaging chain. First, an overview is given of the hardware of a CBCT device. The principles of cone beam image acquisition and image reconstruction are described. Optimization of imaging protocols in CBCT is briefly discussed. Finally, basic and advanced visualization methods are illustrated. Certain topics in these review are applicable to all types of radiographic imaging (e.g. the principle and properties of an X-ray tube), others are specific for dental CBCT imaging (e.g. advanced visualization techniques).

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Technical aspects of dental CBCT: state of the art

CBCT is a widely applied imaging modality in dentistry. It enables the visualization of high-contrast structures of the oral region (bone, teeth, air cavities) at a high resolution. CBCT is now commonly used for the assessment of bone quality, primarily for pre-operative implant planning. Traditionally, bone quality parameters and classifications were primarily based on bone density, which could be estimated through the use of Hounsfield units derived from multidetector CT (MDCT) data sets. However, there are crucial differences between MDCT and CBCT, which complicates the use of quantitative gray values (GVs) for the latter. From experimental as well as clinical research, it can be seen that great variability of GVs can exist on CBCT images owing to various reasons that are inherently associated with this technique (i.e. the limited field size, relatively high amount of scattered radiation and limitations of currently applied reconstruction algorithms). Although attempts have been made to correct for GV variability, it can be postulated that the quantitative use of GVs in CBCT should be generally avoided at this time. In addition, recent research and clinical findings have shifted the paradigm of bone quality from a density-based analysis to a structural evaluation of the bone. The ever-improving image quality of CBCT allows it to display trabecular bone patterns, indicating that it may be possible to apply structural analysis methods that are commonly used in micro-CT and histology.

/pdf/cbct-based-bone-quality-assessment-are-hounsfield-units-3012ljegma.pdf

CBCT-based bone quality assessment: are Hounsfield units applicable?

Dental implants have become part of routine treatment plans in many dental offices because of their increasing popularity and acceptance by patients. Appropriate preplacement planning, in which imaging plays a pivotal role, helps to ensure a satisfactory outcome. The development of precise presurgical imaging techniques and surgical templates allows the dentist to place these implants with relative ease and predictability. This article gives an overview of current practices in implant imaging for the practising dentist, with emphasis on selection criteria. Imaging protocols for site assessment and restorative evaluation are discussed. This information will enable the dentist to select and use appropriate radiographic images (digital or film) for implant treatment planning, restoration and postoperative follow-up. Modalities presented include intraoral and panoramic projections, linear and complex motion tomography and computed tomography (CT). The use of CT image reformatting software such as Dentascan and SimPlant with 3-dimensional reconstructions is discussed.

/pdf/implant-imaging-for-the-dentist-1irncskgy7.pdf

Implant imaging for the dentist

Background Infection, neoplasia and bone dysplasias cause alteration in bone architecture. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) and chronic diffuse osteomyelitis (CDO) are two independent disease processes that may have overlapping clinical and radiographic characteristics. Differential diagnosis can be crucial, as the course of each process and its clinical management varies. Case Description A patient reported to the oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey's New Jersey Dental School with a complaint of chronic pain in the mandible. One of the authors (S.R.S.) obtained a panoramic radiograph. Later, the patient underwent computerized tomographic examination and biopsy. On the basis of the clinical, radiographic and histopathologic examinations, the authors made diagnoses of CDO and FCOD. The bilateral presentation of CDO along with the simultaneous presence of FCOD and these conditions' vivid radiographic appearances make this case highly unusual. Clinical Implications Multiple, simultaneous processes can yield an atypical radiographic appearance seen on routine radiographic examinations. Characteristics unique to each process are used to make the differential diagnoses. FCOD can make the mandible more susceptible to osteomyelitis.

Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia and chronic diffuse osteomyelitis Report of a simultaneous presentation and review of the literature.

A case of dens evaginatus (DE) and dens invaginatus (DI) concurrently affecting the maxillary right permanent lateral incisor in a 25-year-old Hispanic male is reported. DE, referred to as Talon's cusp in the anterior teeth and Leong's premolar in the premolar teeth, is a relatively rare condition by itself. An association of DI with this rare anomaly within the same tooth has never been reported before although it has been known to occur within the same patient. Since it is known that DE may be composed of normal enamel and dentine, as well as varying amounts of pulpal tissue, care should be exercised while performing any aesthetic procedures to remove or recontour it.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00074.x

Dens evaginatus and dens invaginatus in a maxillary lateral incisor: Report of a rare occurrence and review of literature

Background: Dens Invaginatus (DI), commonly known as dens in dente, is a developmental malformation of tooth that most commonly affects permanent maxillary lateral incisor teeth. Deciduous teeth are infrequently affected. Presence of DI in mandibular permanent teeth is extremely rare. Further, the presence of DI bilaterally in the maxillary lateral incisors of the same patient is even more unusual. Methods: In this article, an unusual case of DI affecting a mandibular lateral incisor tooth is described. This malformation was uncovered after a full mouth radiographic examination when the patient presented for dental treatment unrelated to this finding. In addition, the various radiographic appearances of DI as they present within the maxillary and mandibular teeth are described. Essential clinical considerations and treatment options are presented. A review of the pertinent literature is undertaken and a table summarizing previous published findings of mandibular DI is presented. Results: A review of the literature indicates that DI in mandibular teeth is extremely rare with only 10 other cases involving 13 teeth reported previously. Conclusions: Although this is an extremely rare case, DI is an anomaly that should be familiar to all practising dentists due to the clinical implications of potential sequelae of pulpal involvement.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00056.x

A rare presentation of dens invaginatus in a mandibular lateral incisor occurring concurrently with bilateral maxillary dens invaginatus: case report and review of literature.

Steven R Singer

Papers

CBCT-based bone quality assessment: are Hounsfield units applicable?

Implant imaging for the dentist

Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia and chronic diffuse osteomyelitis Report of a simultaneous presentation and review of the literature.

Dens evaginatus and dens invaginatus in a maxillary lateral incisor: Report of a rare occurrence and review of literature

A rare presentation of dens invaginatus in a mandibular lateral incisor occurring concurrently with bilateral maxillary dens invaginatus: case report and review of literature.