https://caltcm.memberclicks.net/assets/documents/acc_aha_chf_2013_guidelines.pdf

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

What is a case-control study?

March 5, 2019 e1 WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM, FAHA, Chair Paul Muntner, PhD, MHS, FAHA, Vice Chair Alvaro Alonso, MD, PhD, FAHA Marcio S. Bittencourt, MD, PhD, MPH Clifton W. Callaway, MD, FAHA April P. Carson, PhD, MSPH, FAHA Alanna M. Chamberlain, PhD Alexander R. Chang, MD, MS Susan Cheng, MD, MMSc, MPH, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, MBA, FAHA Francesca N. Delling, MD, MPH Luc Djousse, MD, ScD, MPH Mitchell S.V. Elkind, MD, MS, FAHA Jane F. Ferguson, PhD, FAHA Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD, FAHA Sadiya S. Khan, MD, MSc Brett M. Kissela, MD, MS Kristen L. Knutson, PhD Tak W. Kwan, MD, FAHA Daniel T. Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Tené T. Lewis, PhD Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Matthew Shane Loop, PhD Pamela L. Lutsey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Seth S. Martin, MD, MHS, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Andrew E. Moran, MD, MPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Martin O’Flaherty, MD, MSc, PhD Ambarish Pandey, MD, MSCS Amanda M. Perak, MD, MS Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, MS, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH, FAHA Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, MD, MBA, MPH, FAHA Gary M. Satou, MD, FAHA Emily B. Schroeder, MD, PhD, FAHA Svati H. Shah, MD, MHS, FAHA Nicole L. Spartano, PhD Andrew Stokes, PhD David L. Tirschwell, MD, MS, MSc, FAHA Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH, Vice Chair Elect Mintu P. Turakhia, MD, MAS, FAHA Lisa B. VanWagner, MD, MSc, FAST John T. Wilkins, MD, MS, FAHA Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA, Chair Elect On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

1. About These Statistics…e70

2. Cardiovascular Diseases…e72

3. Coronary Heart Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Angina Pectoris…e89

4. Stroke…e99

5. High Blood Pressure…e111

6. Congenital Cardiovascular Defects…e116

7. Heart Failure…e119

8. Other Cardiovascular Diseases…e122 

9. Risk Factor: Smoking/Tobacco Use…e128

10. Risk Factor: High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids…e132

11. Risk Factor: Physical Inactivity…e136

12. Risk Factor: Overweight and Obesity…e139

13. Risk Factor: Diabetes Mellitus…e143

14. End-Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease…e149

15. Metabolic Syndrome…e151

16. Nutrition…e153

17. Quality of Care…e155

18. Medical Procedures…e159

19. Economic Cost of Cardiovascular Diseases…e162

20. At-a-Glance Summary Tables…e164 

21. Glossary and Abbreviation Guide…e168
    Writing Group Disclosures…e171



Appendix I: List of Statistical Fact Sheets:

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2007

We thank Drs Robert Adams, Philip Gorelick, Matt Wilson, and Philip Wolf (members of the Statistics Committee or Stroke Statistics Subcommittee); Brian Eigel; Gregg Fonarow; Kathy Jenkins; Gail Pearson; and Michael Wolz for their valuable comments and contributions. We would like to acknowledge Tim Anderson and Tom Schneider for their editorial contributions and Karen Modesitt for her administrative assistance.

# 1. About These Statistics {#article-title-2}

The American Heart Association (AHA) works with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); and other government agencies to derive the annual statistics in this Update. This chapter describes the most important sources and the types of data we use from them. For more details and an alphabetical list of abbreviations, see Chapter 21 of this document, the Glossary and Abbreviation Guide.

The surveys used are:

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2007 Update A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Each chapter listed in the Table of Contents (see next page) is a hyperlink to that chapter. The reader clicks the chapter name to access that chapter.

Each chapter listed here is a hyperlink. Click on the chapter name to be taken to that chapter. 

Each year, the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together in a single document the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and the cardiovascular risk factors listed in the AHA’s My Life Check - Life’s Simple 7 (Figure1), which include core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure [BP], and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update represents …

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.

Background The controversy surrounding prostate cancer screening, coupled with the high rates of incidence and mortality among African American men, increase the importance of African American men engaging in an informed decision-making process around prostate cancer screening. Purpose To examine predictors of prostate cancer screening via the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. Secondary objectives were to examine whether African American men have been screened for prostate cancer; their confidence in making an informed choice about whether PSA testing is right for them; and whether they have talked with their provider about PSA testing and engaged in an informed decision-making process around prostate cancer screening. Methods We conducted a study among a sample of African American men patients ages ≥ 40 years. Results A total of 65 men completed the questionnaire (response rate = 6.5%). The mean age of the men was 64.4 years. Most of the participants (90.8%) reported a regular healthcare provider and that their provider had discussed the PSA test with them (81.3%). About 84.1% of the men ever had a PSA test, but only 38.0% had one in the past year. Most of the men reported that they make the final decision about whether to have a PSA test on their own (36.5%) or after seriously considering their doctor's opinion (28.6%). About 31.8% of the men reported that they share responsibility about whether to have a PSA test with their doctor. About half of the participants (49.2%) reported that they have made a decision about whether to have a PSA test and they are not likely to change their mind. The majority of the men (75%) perceived their risk of prostate cancer to be about the same level of risk as other men who were their age. The men's knowledge of prostate cancer was fair to good (mean prostate cancer knowledge scale = 10.37, SD 1.87). Knowledge of prostate cancer was positively associated with receipt of a PSA test (p < 0.0206). Discussion The modest overall prostate cancer knowledge among these participants, including their risk for prostate cancer, indicates a need for prostate cancer educational interventions in this patient population.

/pdf/predictors-of-prostate-cancer-screening-among-african-546ogwe38h.pdf

Predictors of prostate cancer screening among African American men treated at an Academic Medical Center in the Southern United States.

Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in the U.S., responsible for nearly 443,000 deaths annually (Fu et al., 2014; CDC, 2011). Cigarette smoking has been causally linked to numerous types of cancer (lung, mouth, nasal cavity, throat, laryngeal, esophageal, stomach, colon, liver, pancreatic, bladder, cervical, acute myeloid leukemia); cardiovascular disease (heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm); diabetes; rheumatoid arthritis; age-related macular degeneration; and respiratory illness (chronic bronchitis, emphysema) (NCI 2014). Smoking also contributes to respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia) and, if a mother smokes while pregnant, to low birth weight and premature birth, the primary causes of infant mortality. Use of other tobacco products such as cigars or pipes and electronic cigarettes also increase the risk of cancer. In the U.S., cigarette smoking causes about 90% of lung cancers. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), tobacco smoke is a toxic mixture of more than 7,000 chemicals, of which at least 70 are known to cause cancer. In addition to nicotine, tobacco users are exposed to several classes of carcinogenic and other toxicants such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), all of which have been linked to cancer, heart and lung diseases (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Individuals who smoke are 15–30 times more likely to develop lung cancer and die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke (NCI 2014).

/pdf/tobacco-cessation-rural-residence-and-lung-cancer-1vfj4kisut.pdf

Tobacco Cessation, Rural Residence, and Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined colorectal cancer screening among Haitian Americans, although striking disparities in colorectal cancer screening and mortality are well-documented among U.S. Blacks. Race, socioeconomic status, and place of birth are factors associated with colorectal cancer incidence and mortality patterns. METHODS In this article, we summarize published studies on colorectal cancer screening among Haitian Americans, identified through bibliographic searches in PubMed and CINAHL through August 2015, and offer recommendations for further research. RESULTS Only one qualitative study and three quantitative surveys have examined colorectal cancer screening among Haitian Americans. A qualitative study found important differences in perceptions of the curability of colorectal cancer, preventive practices, and preferred sources of information among Haitian Americans and other ethnic subgroups of U.S. Blacks. Awareness of colorectal cancer screening tests, risk perception, healthcare provider recommendation, and self-reported use of screening are suboptimal among Haitian Americans and other subgroups. In preliminary quantitative studies, Haitian immigrants have been found to have lower colorectal cancer screening rates than other groups such as African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Culturally appropriate educational interventions are needed to encourage Haitian American adults aged ≥ 50 years to undergo screening for colorectal cancer and to ensure that they are well informed about the value of healthy eating and physical activity.

/pdf/promoting-colorectal-cancer-screening-among-haitian-1exm2vjbdk.pdf

Promoting colorectal cancer screening among Haitian Americans.

Public health assessment of genetic predisposition to cancer

OBJECTIVE: We examined how predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors influence mammography referrals by primary care physicians (PCPs). METHODS: Using the 2001-2003 National Ambulatory Medical Care and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, we identified visits to office (n=8,756) and outpatient (n=17,067) PCPs by women≥40 without breast symptoms or breast cancer. We examined mammography referrals by predisposing (age, race, ethnicity, education, chronic problem), enabling (income, payer, visits within 12 months, time with physician), and reinforcing factors (physician age, gender, specialty/clinic, PCP status, region, MSA, solo/group practice). Gender, specialty, physician age, time with physician and solo/group were only in NAMCS. Clinic type was only in NHAMCS. We fitted logistic regression models adjusted for all factors and year. RESULTS: Office-based referrals were more likely during visits: for preventive or chronic care; with private payer vs self/uninsured; by women with no visit within 12 months vs≥3; lasting≥15 minutes; to female PCPs; to PCPs aged ≥45; to gynecologists. Outpatient referrals were more likely during visits: by Hispanics; for preventive or chronic care; by women with no visit within 12 months; to one's own PCP; to gynecologic clinics; in the Northeast or Midwest. CONCLUSIONS: Reinforcing factors, in addition to predisposing and enabling factors, are associated with mammography referral. Interventions to increase referrals should consider provider factors and aspects of the healthcare environment, and recognize differences between settings. Efforts to facilitate referrals during chronic care visits or outpatient visits to non-PCP providers may provide opportunities to increase screening. Efforts are needed to ensure that uninsured women are receiving appropriate referrals.

Steven S. Coughlin

Papers

Predictors of prostate cancer screening among African American men treated at an Academic Medical Center in the Southern United States.

Tobacco Cessation, Rural Residence, and Lung Cancer.

Promoting colorectal cancer screening among Haitian Americans.

Public health assessment of genetic predisposition to cancer

Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors Associated with Mammography Referrals in U.S. Primary Care Practices.