This survey of sexual practices in the United States has been combed by the media for items of interest to the public: monogamous sex is much more widespread in this country than has been thought; infidelity is less frequent than presumed; vaginal intercourse is the defining experience of heterosexual behavior; watching one's partner undress is stimulating to many people; married couples have more sex than single people (unmarried, cohabiting couples have the most sex of all); the majority of couples experience sex twice a week to several times a month; 2.8% of men identify themselves as homosexual and 1.4% of women do so, but a higher percentage of people consider a same-gender experience to have some appeal; 75% of men always experience orgasm compared with 28.6% of women, but more nearly equal numbers of men and women declare themselves satisfied with their sexual experiences. The book is, in fact, a

The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)60522-X.pdf

Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: an observational study

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health and human rights concern. Despite a growing body of research into risk factors for IPV, methodological differences limit the extent to which comparisons can be made between studies. We used data from ten countries included in the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence to identify factors that are consistently associated with abuse across sites, in order to inform the design of IPV prevention programs. Standardised population-based household surveys were done between 2000 and 2003. One woman aged 15-49 years was randomly selected from each sampled household. Those who had ever had a male partner were asked about their experiences of physically and sexually violent acts. We performed multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of physical and/or sexual partner violence within the past 12 months. Despite wide variations in the prevalence of IPV, many factors affected IPV risk similarly across sites. Secondary education, high SES, and formal marriage offered protection, while alcohol abuse, cohabitation, young age, attitudes supportive of wife beating, having outside sexual partners, experiencing childhood abuse, growing up with domestic violence, and experiencing or perpetrating other forms of violence in adulthood, increased the risk of IPV. The strength of the association was greatest when both the woman and her partner had the risk factor. IPV prevention programs should increase focus on transforming gender norms and attitudes, addressing childhood abuse, and reducing harmful drinking. Development initiatives to improve access to education for girls and boys may also have an important role in violence prevention.

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What Factors Are Associated With Recent Intimate Partner Violence? Findings From the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence

https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/9060/2/Lewis%20RW%20Definitions....pdf

Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction

Aims. This paper is a report of a study designed to: (i) describe issues and techniques of translation of standard measures for use in international research; (ii) identify a user-friendly and valid translation method when researchers have limited resources during translation procedure; and (iii) discuss translation issues using data from a pilot study as an example.

Background.  The process of translation is an important part of cross-cultural studies. Cross-cultural researchers are often confronted by the need to translate scales from one language to another and to do this with limited resources.

Method.  The lessons learned from our experience in a pilot study are presented to underline the importance of using appropriate translation procedures. The issues of the back-translation method are discussed to identify strategies to ensure success when translating measures.

Findings.  A combined technique is an appropriate method to maintain the content equivalences between the original and translated instruments in international research. There are several possible combinations of translation techniques. However, there is no gold standard of translation techniques because the research environment (e.g. accessibility and availability of bilingual people) and the research questions are different.

Conclusions.  It is important to use appropriate translation procedures and to employ a combined translation technique based on the research environment and questions.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04242.x

Translation of scales in cross-cultural research: issues and techniques.

ContextSexually transmitted diseases are increasing rapidly in China. Surveillance
data imperfectly indicate current prevalence and risk factors.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of genital chlamydial and gonococcal infections
and to describe patterns of infection by subgroup and behavioral patterns.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA national stratified probability sample of 3426 Chinese individuals
(1738 women and 1688 men) aged 20 to 64 years, who were interviewed between
August 1999 and August 2000, completed a computer-administered survey, and
provided a urine specimen (69% total participation rate).Main Outcome MeasurePositive test result for chlamydial or gonococcal infections.ResultsThe overall prevalence per 100 population of chlamydial infection was
2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-4.1) for women and 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3-3.3)
for men. For gonococcal infection, the overall prevalence per 100 population
was 0.08 (95% CI, 0.02-0.4) for women and 0.02 (95% CI, 0.005-0.1) for men.
Risk factors for chlamydial infection among men aged 20 to 44 years were unprotected
sex with a commercial sex worker (odds ratio [OR], 8.24; 95% CI, 3.51-19.35),
less education (OR, 7.20; 95% CI, 2.31-22.37), and recent sex with their spouse
or other steady partner (OR, 7.73; 95% CI, 2.70-22.10). Among women aged 20
to 44 years, risk factors for chlamydial infection were having less education
(OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.01-7.91) and living in a city (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.67-7.18)
or along the southern coast (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.29-3.63) and having a spouse
or other steady sexual partner who earned a high income (OR, 2.85; 95% CI,
1.11-7.29), who socialized often (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.08-7.19), or who traveled
less than 1 week per year (OR, 5.40; 95% CI, 1.44-20.3).ConclusionsThe prevalence of chlamydial infection in China is substantial. The
patterns of infection suggest potential avenues for intervention.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/196147/JOC30372.pdf

Population-based study of chlamydial infection in China: a hidden epidemic.

Context: Intimate partner violence has been studied in many developed and developing countries. China remains one of the few large societies for which the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence are unknown. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of women and men aged 20-64 with a spouse or other steady partner provide estimate of intimate partner violence in China. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for sample design examine risk factors and negative outcomes associated with partner violence. Results: Altogether 34% of women and 18% of men had ever been hit during their current relationship; the prevalence of hitting resulting in bleeding bruises swelling or severe pain and injuries was 12% for women and 5% for men. Significant risk factors for partner violence included sexual jealousy patriarchal beliefs low female contribution to household income low male socioeconomic status alcohol consumption and residence in regions other than the South and Southeast. Severe hitting was a significant risk factor for self-reported adverse general and sexual health outcomes including sexual dysfunction sexual dissatisfaction and unwanted sex. Conclusions: As in other societies intimate partner violence in China is common and is correlated with adverse general and sexual health outcomes. (authors)

/pdf/intimate-partner-violence-in-china-national-prevalence-risk-2fmoho64n3.pdf

Intimate partner violence in China: national prevalence, risk factors and associated health problems.

Sexual transmission of HIV in China is rapidly increasing in part driven by commercial sex work. This article examines variations in occupational control among one type of brothel-based prostitutes in China and the relationship between the terms and content of this work and the risk of HIV/AIDS. Organizational factors are discussed as part of the current political economic and social context of sex work in China. The analysis is based on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews conducted in south China in 2000 and 2001 involving 158 female prostitutes from 45 brothels in 4 red light districts. Qualitative analysis of interview and observational data used development of thematic codes measuring occupational control. Brothel-based female sex workers in China are a heterogeneous population displaying considerable variability in the organization of life and work relationships with managers and clients ability to negotiate condom use knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and occupational identity all of which may result in different risks of acquiring HIV. HIV prevention activities in China must focus on sociocultural aspects of sex work. Such interventions depend on detailed knowledge of its organization. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of prevention activities directed at the brothel managers and clients as well as the sex workers. (authors)

HIV／AIDS risk among brothel-based female sex workers in China： Assessing the terms, content, and knowledge of sex work

This study examined sexual satisfaction and its social and behavioral correlates among urbanites aged 20–64 in China, using data from a nationally representative sample of 1,194 women and 1,217 men with a spouse or other long-term sexual partner with whom they had sex during the last year. The results from structural equation models suggest a multiplex set of determinants of sexual satisfaction, including relationship characteristics, sexual knowledge and personal values, physical vitality, and environmental impediments. A large proportion of the effect of these background characteristics was mediated by frequent orgasms, varied sexual practices, and perceived partner affection. In particular, much of the effect of knowledge and beliefs was mediated through variety in sexual practices. While many of the observed patterns were shared among women and men, much of the effect of relationship characteristics was mediated through perceived partner affection for women. Men, in contrast, paid greater attention to his partner's physical attractiveness and to her extramarital sex. A sexual transition is well underway in urban China, even if more rapidly for men than for women. While knowledge and values are arguably more important in this transitional period, many antecedents of sexual well-being drawn from the literature on sexual behavior in developed Western countries are also applicable to urban China.

Sexual Practices and Sexual Satisfaction: A Population Based Study of Chinese Urban Adults

The nature of extra-relational sex in societies with rapidly changing sexual mores and widespread commercial sex remains under-explored. The 2006 Sexuality Survey of China provides a national probability survey with data on 3,567 people 18–49 years old who were in a marital (89%) or dating/cohabiting (11%) relationship. In attitudes, extramarital sex was completely unacceptable to 74% of women and 60% of men and either somewhat or completely unacceptable to 95% of women and men. Most (77%) women wanted severe punishment of men’s short-term commercial sex and women’s jealousy was equally elevated by their primary partner’s episodes of commercial and non-commercial sex. Nevertheless, the prevalence of infidelity during the last 12 months was 4.5% (women’s non-commercial sex), 11.0% (men’s non-commercial), and 5.5% (men’s commercial), with each percent matching or exceeding the median for other countries. In multivariate equations for non-commercial infidelity, men’s infidelity was significantly more responsive to sexual dissatisfaction with his primary partner while women’s was more responsive to deficits in love. In commercial sex, men were uninfluenced by primary partner deficits in love, sexual satisfaction or oral sex–pursuing, it would seem, simply a greater variety of sexual partners. In a “trading up” pattern, women partnered with low income men had elevated infidelity. The minority of women reporting early masturbation and premarital sex were just as likely as men with these backgrounds to have elevated infidelity. The Chinese patterns provide ample material for deliberations on gender similarities and differences in extra-relational sex.

Suiming Pan

Papers

Population-based study of chlamydial infection in China: a hidden epidemic.

Intimate partner violence in China: national prevalence, risk factors and associated health problems.

HIV／AIDS risk among brothel-based female sex workers in China： Assessing the terms, content, and knowledge of sex work

Sexual Practices and Sexual Satisfaction: A Population Based Study of Chinese Urban Adults

Sexual infidelity in China: prevalence and gender-specific correlates.