There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

Optical wireless communication (OWC) refers to transmission in unguided propagation media through the use of optical carriers, i.e., visible, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) bands. In this survey, we focus on outdoor terrestrial OWC links which operate in near IR band. These are widely referred to as free space optical (FSO) communication in the literature. FSO systems are used for high rate communication between two fixed points over distances up to several kilometers. In comparison to radio-frequency (RF) counterparts, FSO links have a very high optical bandwidth available, allowing much higher data rates. They are appealing for a wide range of applications such as metropolitan area network (MAN) extension, local area network (LAN)-to-LAN connectivity, fiber back-up, backhaul for wireless cellular networks, disaster recovery, high definition TV and medical image/video transmission, wireless video surveillance/monitoring, and quantum key distribution among others. Despite the major advantages of FSO technology and variety of its application areas, its widespread use has been hampered by its rather disappointing link reliability particularly in long ranges due to atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and sensitivity to weather conditions. In the last five years or so, there has been a surge of interest in FSO research to address these major technical challenges. Several innovative physical layer concepts, originally introduced in the context of RF systems, such as multiple-input multiple-output communication, cooperative diversity, and adaptive transmission have been recently explored for the design of next generation FSO systems. In this paper, we present an up-to-date survey on FSO communication systems. The first part describes FSO channel models and transmitter/receiver structures. In the second part, we provide details on information theoretical limits of FSO channels and algorithmic-level system design research activities to approach these limits. Specific topics include advances in modulation, channel coding, spatial/cooperative diversity techniques, adaptive transmission, and hybrid RF/FSO systems.

/pdf/survey-on-free-space-optical-communication-a-communication-239v68hfyw.pdf

Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective

In this paper, we report the performance of an imaging multiple input multiple output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) system. The VLC transmitter consists of a two-dimensional, individually addressable Gallium Nitride micro light emitting diode (µLED) array. The receiver uses a two-dimensional avalanche photodiode (APD) array fabricated using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS). Using integrated CMOS-based LED drivers, a data rate greater than 1 Gbps was obtained at a link distance of 1 m with the system field of view (FOV) of 3.45 degree using four channels. At a reduced link distance of 0.5 m, a data rate of 7.48 Gbps was obtained using a nine channel MIMO system. This demonstrates the feasibility of compact MIMO systems which offer substantial data rates.

A multi-gigabit/sec integrated multiple input multiple output visible light communication demonstrator

Artificial neural network (ANN) finds its application in communication engineering in a diverse areas such as channel equalization, channel modelling, error control code because of its capability of nonlinear processing, adaptability, and parallel processing. On the other hand, the wavelet transform (WT) with both the time and the frequency resolution provides the exact representation of signal in both domains. Applying these modern tools to signal processing in channel equalization and digital signal detection provide an enhanced performance compared to the traditional tools. In this paper, the slot error rate (SER) performance of digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) in diffuse indoor optical wireless links employing equalization using discrete WT (DWT) and ANN is reported. The simulation results show that a performance gain of ~8 dB is achieved by utilizing the new approach compared to the traditional approach based on the finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters.

/pdf/performance-of-dwt-ann-based-signal-detector-equalizer-for-z2fp0hhm5o.pdf

Performance of DWT-ANN based signal detector/equalizer for DPIM in practical indoor optical wireless links

Experimental measurement of atmospheric effects on free-space optics communications in a controlled

In this paper, fading mitigation by aperture averaging and receive diversity in Free-Space Optical (FSO ) systems is experimentally investigated in a controlled atmospheric chamber. Some previous theoretical studies and the configuration of the experiment setup are described. Then, we introduce the turbulence measurement and performance evaluation for the FSO system briefly. The Q-factor is calculated from the experimental data to validate the performance improvement obtained by aperture averaging and receive diversity. In addition, we calculate the correlation coefficients corresponding to a receive diversity FSO system and the probability density function (PDF) of each channel fading.

Experimental Works on Free-Space Optical Communications with Aperture Averaging and Receive Diversity in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

In intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IMDD) single-mode fibre (SMF) transmission systems, the nonlinear operation of square-law detection causes signal-signal beating interference (SSBI) that considerably limits the signal transmission capacity versus reach performance of the systems. To address this challenge, an error-controlled iterative algorithm (ECIA) with extra decision thresholds is proposed to digitally linearize the IMDD transmission systems. In the ECIA, instead of amplitude errors used in previously reported algorithms, the ${{\boldsymbol{Q}}}^{ - 2}$ factor is utilized as an objective function, along with the proposed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization of the thresholds for symbol decision. The thresholds can be adaptively adjusted to reduce decision errors during iterations. To improve the algorithm's adaptivity to various system operation conditions, new constraints are also introduced including maximum step size and/or sign of threshold variation. By making use of the identified optimum key parameters of the ECIA, numerical investigations are conducted of the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in supporting 100 Gb/s 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) transmissions over 80 km standard SMFs. Results show that compared with the previously reported decision-directed data-aided iterative algorithm (DD-DIA), the ECIA significantly reduces the power/optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty, required minimum number of iterations (convergence rate) and improves the wavelength drift tolerance. For the ECIA, an OSNR penalty of ≤3.8 dB (10% overhead) and a minimum iteration count of 50 are observed for up to 400 km SMF transmissions, showing its robustness to accumulated dispersions of long fibres. More importantly, a pilot-free operation (0% overhead) is also feasible at a cost of a slightly increased OSNR penalty of ≤0.5 dB.

Sujan Rajbhandari

Papers

A multi-gigabit/sec integrated multiple input multiple output visible light communication demonstrator

Performance of DWT-ANN based signal detector/equalizer for DPIM in practical indoor optical wireless links

Experimental measurement of atmospheric effects on free-space optics communications in a controlled

Experimental Works on Free-Space Optical Communications with Aperture Averaging and Receive Diversity in a Controlled Laboratory Environment

Error-Controlled Iterative Algorithms for Digital Linearization of IMDD-Based Optical Fibre Transmission Systems