Attachment--and loss.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/5/110/206.full.pdf

The american psychological association.

Статья посвящена вопросам влияния власти на поведение человека. Авторы рассматривают данные различных источников, в которых увеличение власти связывается с напористостью, а ее уменьшение - с подавленностью. Конкретно, власть ассоциируется с: а) позитивным аффектом; б) вниманием к вознаграждению и к свойствам других, удовлетворяющим личные цели; в) автоматической переработкой информации и резкими суждениями; г) расторможенным социальным поведением. Уменьшение власти, напротив, ассоциируется с: а) негативным аффектом; б) вниманием к угрозам и наказаниям, к интересам других и к тем характеристикам я, которые отвечают целям других; в) контролируемой переработкой информации и совещательным типом рассуждений; г) подавленным социальным поведением. Обсуждаются также последствия этих паттернов поведения, связанных с властью, и потенциальные модераторы.

Power, approach, and inhibition. Власть, напористость и подавленность

The cultural origins of human cognition

During object manipulation tasks, the brain selects and implements action-phase controllers that use sensory predictions and afferent signals to tailor motor output to the physical properties of the objects involved. Analysis of signals in tactile afferent neurons and central processes in humans reveals how contact events are encoded and used to monitor and update task performance.

Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks

http://eprints.gold.ac.uk/6464/1/Binding%26SoAReviewC%26C2012.pdf

Intentional binding and the sense of agency: A review

Understanding the sense of agency is a key challenge for the psychological and brain sciences. When an individual makes an action that is followed by an effect such as an auditory tone, there is a perceived compression in time of the interval between the action and the effect. Since this only occurs for intentional actions, this compression is termed ‘intentional binding’ and has been suggested as an implicit measure of agency. Very little is known about how the sense of agency and indeed intentional binding may be altered in joint action contexts in which two individuals act and an effect occurs. Here, we assessed the subjective sense of agency via self-report and implicit agency via intentional binding in a joint action task in which one person initiated a movement which another person joined in with. We further manipulated whether both individuals knew who the initiator would be ahead of time (by assigning one person as the initiator at the start of a block of trials) or whether this became apparent in a dynamic fashion based on who acted first. In both settings, only the initiator reported reliable subjective feelings of agency, whereas both the initiator and the responder demonstrated significant and indistinguishable intentional binding. We suggest that, when two individuals are involved in a joint action context, there is an automatic formation of a new agentic identity (a ‘we’ identity). In such contexts, both partners register agency at the pre-reflective level, despite the fact that their subjective experience of agency differs, and indeed, their role in producing the outcome differs. Hence, the subjective sense of agency and intentional binding are dissociable, and it remains for future work to understand how pre-reflective agency ‘registration’ and the reflective ‘experience’ of agency are, if at all, related.

Sense of agency and intentional binding in joint action

Power dynamics are a ubiquitous feature of human social life, yet little is known about how power is implemented in the brain. Motor resonance is the activation of similar brain networks when acting and when watching someone else act, and is thought to be implemented, in part, by the human mirror system. We investigated the effects of power on motor resonance during an action observation task. Separate groups of participants underwent a high-, neutral, or low-power induction priming procedure, prior to observing the actions of another person. During observation, motor resonance was determined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) via measures of motor cortical output. High-power participants demonstrated lower levels of resonance than low-power participants, suggesting reduced mirroring of other people in those with power. These differences suggest that decreased motor resonance to others' actions might be one of the neural mechanisms underlying power-induced asymmetries in processing our social interaction partners.

/pdf/power-changes-how-the-brain-responds-to-others-55ghc6wk80.pdf

Power Changes How the Brain Responds to Others

In the present study, we aimed to dissociate the neural correlates of two subprocesses involved in the preparatory period in the context of arbitrary, prelearned stimulus-response (S-R) associations, namely, S-R mapping and movement planning (MP). We teased apart these two subprocesses by comparing three tasks in which the complexity of both S-R mapping and MP were independently manipulated: simple reaction time (SRT) task, go/no-go reaction time (GNGRT) task, and choice reaction time (CRT) task. We found that a more complex S-R mapping, which is the common element differentiating CRT and GNGRT from SRT, was associated with higher brain activation in the left superior parietal lobe (SPL). Conversely, a greater number of planned finger movements, which is the common difference between CRT and both SRT and GNGRT, was associated with higher brain activation in a number of frontal areas, including the left supplementary motor area (SMA), left dorsal premotor cortex (dPM), and left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The left-hemisphere dominance for S-R mapping could be related to the fact that arbitrary S-R mapping is often verbally mediated in humans. Overall, these results suggest a clear dissociation in the preparatory-set period between the more abstract role of left SPL in activating the appropriate S-R associations and the more concrete role played by the SMA, dPM, and ACC in preparing the required motor programs.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/26/10/2704.full.pdf

Dissociating Arbitrary Stimulus-Response Mapping from Movement Planning during Preparatory Period: Evidence from Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The sense of agency is an intriguing aspect of human consciousness and is commonly defined as the sense that one is the author of their own actions and their consequences. In the current study, we varied the number of action alternatives (one, three, seven) that participants could select from and determined the effects on intentional binding which is believed to index the low-level sense of agency. Participants made self-paced button presses while viewing a conventional Libet clock and reported the perceived onset time of either the button presses or consequent auditory tones. We found that the binding effect was strongest when participants had the maximum number of alternatives, intermediate when they had medium level of action choice and lowest when they had no choice. We interpret our results in relation to the potential link between agency and the freedom to choose one’s actions.

/pdf/freedom-choice-and-the-sense-of-agency-4gureypaw2.pdf

Sukhvinder S. Obhi

Papers

Intentional binding and the sense of agency: A review

Sense of agency and intentional binding in joint action

Power Changes How the Brain Responds to Others

Dissociating Arbitrary Stimulus-Response Mapping from Movement Planning during Preparatory Period: Evidence from Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Freedom, choice, and the sense of agency.