to many, however, it constantly appears as an instructional problem. The final two chapters serve as excellent summary statements. Chapter 13 emphasizes the application of previous text material to the classroom situation. Of great significance is the author's discussion of commonly defined independent, dependent, and moderator variables. The final chapter focuses on evaluation in the overall sense, particularly as it relates to programs of study. The principles of measurement and research design are applied to the evaluation process through several ex-

Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application:

In this course, taught at the Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology in northwest Pennsylvania, students will explore the population, community, and ecosystem ecology of fishes. We will conduct field investigations in streams, lakes, and marshes. Students will attend background lectures, conduct experiments and field surveys, participate in data collection and analysis, and gain experience in the interpretation and presentation of results. We will learn how to integrate math, physics, chemistry, and biology in our study of fishes. In addition, we seek to expose students to current research in fish ecology. Students will participate in the design of experiments, data analysis, and hone their presentation skills. Most importantly, they will leave the course with a greater knowledge of and appreciation for Pennsylvania’s rich diversity of fishes.

Ecology of fishes

Influence of algal cell concentration, salinity and body size on the filtratoin and ingestion rates of cultivable Indian bivalves

Stock assessment is the part of fisheries science that studies the status of a fish stock as well as the possible outcomes of different management alternatives. It tells us if the abundance of a stock is below or above a given target point and by doing so lets us know whether the stock is overexploited or not; it also tells us if a catch level will maintain or change the abundance of the stock. But stock assessment is not the goal of fisheries science.

Fish Stock Assessment

Anna Z, Handaka AA, Maulina I, Rizal A, Hindayani P. 2017. Biological parameters of fish stock estimation in Cirata Reservoir (West Java, Indonesia): A comparative analysis of bio-economic models. Biodiversitas 18: 1468-1474. Fish resources in reservoirs such as Cirata have a strategic value, especially for the surrounding community in terms of fulfilling the need for nutricious food, subsistence, and economic purposes. Unfortunately, until now there has been no serious attention from the government to develop and manage fish resources in these waters. From time series data it can be seen that there is a decrease in fish production, which is an indication of a decrease of fish stock, which has a negative impact on the wellfare of surrounding commmunity, as well as the sustainability of fish resources and their ecosystems. To meet the food safety and economic needs of the community, a healthy and sustainable fish resource is a must, characterized by sustainable inputs and outputs, so that the stock of fish resources will be maintained. In order to fulfill this need, a basic understanding of the biological and economic conditions of the dynamics of fish resources in these waters as a basis for sustainable management is needed. Research was conducted to calculate the biological parameters of fish resources through Fox, CYP, Walters Hilborn and Schnute algorithms, using quarterly catch and effort data from 2011 to 2015, collected from secondary and cross checking data. Furthermore, using price and cost data series, adjusted by consumer price index, the variable of input, output and economic rent of sustainable, optimal and open access management regimes were analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the most statistically appropriate model for estimating biological parameters in Cirata are the Fox and CYP models, and fisheries management using the optimal regime provides the most efficient results, where fewer inputs will result in the maximum profit. The research suggests the need for immediate enforcement of management rules based on sustainable management regimes through input or output restrictions on capture fisheries in Cirata Reservoirs.

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Biological parameters of fish stock estimation in Cirata Reservoir (West Java, Indonesia): A comparative analysis of bio-economic models

Estuary of Donan Riverwhich is adjacent to Segara Anakan Lagoon in Cilacap, Central Java Province (Indonesia) has been used for a number of activities such asfishieries, agriculture, industry, harbor, and tourism activities.  The aim of this study is to analyze the ecosystem condition based on mazcrozoobenthos community structure. This study was conducted from Augustus 2015 to January 2016. Samples were collected monthly at five stations from the river close area to the ocean close area. The study was conducted to identify kinds of generaand densityof themacrozoobenthos, and analyze substrates and water quality.Data analysis was performed onabundance, diversity, evenness and dominance indexes.Based on the study, macrozoobenthos at the estuary of Donan River consists of three classes i.e Gastropod (12 genera), Bivalvia(9 genera), and Polychaeta (6 genera). Based on the sampling location, Gastropod and Bivalvia are the largest composition found at five stations. Based on the sampling location, the macrozoobenthos density, diversity index, evennes index,and dominance index can be inferred that the estuary of Donan River is classified to be moderately ecological polluted.

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Macrozoobenthos Community Structure In The Estuary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Increasing number of industries and settlements in Banten Bay were subsequently followed by an increase in the amount of waste, whether in the form of solid, liquid or gas that can pollute the environment. One of the toxic pollutants is heavy metal.The entry mechanism of the heavy metal Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) in body of the crab (Portunus pelagicus), namely through the process of digestion food. This study was conducted for 6 months, from March to August 2019, and aimed to analyze the heavy metal content levels (Pb and Hg) and the safe consumption level of the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in the waters. The heavy metal concentration in the meat was measured through the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) AA 7000 series Shimadzu. The analysis showed that the Pb and Hg contained in the blue swimming crab were still under the quality standards. Also, the b io-concentration factors of the blue swimming crab were low (<100) . Water quality data observed as temperature, salinity, TSS, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and transparency stayed in the range of tolerable limits for the survival of marine organisms. Maximum weekly intake calculation refers to the tolerable limits issued by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The JECFA recommends calculating the PTWI of each heavy metal if it accumulates in the human body for methyl mercury 1.6 μg.kg bw.week -1 and for lead not exceed 25 μg.kg bw.week -1 . The safety consumption level of blue swimming crab from Cengkok Coastal water was 2.3 kg of meat.week -1 (for adults) and 0.6 kg of meat.week -1 (for children).

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Heavy Metal (Pb, Hg) Contained in Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cengkok Coastal Waters, Banten Bay, Indonesia

Waste produced by industrial activities in Donan River can be a heavy metal which is one source of harmful pollutant to the aquatic environment. This study was conducted monthly from August 2015 to January 2016 at the waters of the Donan River estuary. The aims of this study were to analyze the content of heavy metals Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu in whiting fish muscle and determine the tolerance limit to consume fish containing the heavy metals. Commonly, the average content of heavy metal in the whiting fish muscle based on Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) reading exeded the standard limit determined, but there are also some fish whose heavy metal still below the standard limit. The values of heavy metal in the fish muscle range <0,005-9,19 ppm (Pb); 304,50-4535,22 ppb (Hg); 0,11-0,56 ppm (Cd); and 0,36-1,39 ppm (Cu). The maximum weight limit of fish muscle for adults (50 kg) and children (15 kg) are 17,64 g muscle per week and 5,29 g muscle per week, respectively.

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Heavy Metal Contain Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu in Whiting Fish (Sillago sihama) Muscle in Estuary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java

Banten Bay is located in the north of Java Island and influenced by anthropogenic activities around the bay. Increasing population growth and rapid development of industrial and urban activities around the waters of the Banten Bay can lead to an increased input of pollutants in the form of heavy metal in the water body. This study aims to analyze the Pb and Hg levels that accumulate in mud crab ( Scylla serrata ) in Cengkok coastal waters, Banten Province. Samples of the mud crabs were taken in the waters for six months, from March to August 2019. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations was carried out using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) AA 7000 series Shimadzu. Heavy metal (Pb and Hg) in the mud crab in Banten Bay were below the specified quality standard. The b io-concentration factor of the mud crab was low (<100). Results of the calculation of the maximum limit of consumption of the mud crab meat (that accumulates heavy metals in the human body) were 3.5 kg of meat/week for adults and 0.9 kg of meat/week for children. Keywords: Crustacean, pollution, limit of consumption.

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Heavy Metal (Pb, Hg) Extent in Mud Crab ( Scylla serrata ) in Cengkok Coastal Waters, Banten Bay, Indonesia

The estuary of Donan River is an aquatic area that commonly utilized for some activities such as industrial, fisheries and domestic activities. The effluents of many activities may be cause heavy metal contamination for water enivornemant and organism live in the water. The aim of this research was to analyse heavy metal contain Cu and Cd on the mullet (Chelon subviridis) muscle caught at estuary of Donan River, and to determine the safety limit for community consumption. Sampling had been carried out for 6 months, from August 2015 to January 2016. Heavy metal concentration was measured by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Result of the study shows that heavy metal Cu and Cd in the fish muscle were 0.5009-2.6021 mg/kg and 0.0165-0.2307 mg/kg, respectively that were higher than safety limit.  Based on the study, the safety limit for consumption is 151.72 g meat/week (for adult 50 kg body weight) and 45.52 g meat/week (for child 15 kg body weight).

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Sulistiono Sulistiono

Papers

Macrozoobenthos Community Structure In The Estuary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Heavy Metal (Pb, Hg) Contained in Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cengkok Coastal Waters, Banten Bay, Indonesia

Heavy Metal Contain Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu in Whiting Fish (Sillago sihama) Muscle in Estuary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java

Heavy Metal (Pb, Hg) Extent in Mud Crab ( Scylla serrata ) in Cengkok Coastal Waters, Banten Bay, Indonesia

Heavy Metal Contain Cu and Cd on the Mullet in the estuary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java