Oxidative stress is viewed as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by protective mechanisms, which can lead to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress can activate a variety of transcription factors, which lead to the differential expression of some genes involved in inflammatory pathways. The inflammation triggered by oxidative stress is the cause of many chronic diseases. Polyphenols have been proposed to be useful as adjuvant therapy for their potential anti-inflammatory effect, associated with antioxidant activity, and inhibition of enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids. This review aims at exploring the properties of polyphenols in anti-inflammation and oxidation and the mechanisms of polyphenols inhibiting molecular signaling pathways which are activated by oxidative stress, as well as the possible roles of polyphenols in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders. Such data can be helpful for the development of future antioxidant therapeutics and new anti-inflammatory drugs.

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Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?

Phenolic compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are widely distributed in plants as a protective mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. Fruits, vegetables, grains, spices and herbs are the richest source of dietary polyphenols. High intake of these foods has been linked to lowered risk of most common degenerative and chronic diseases that are known to be caused by oxidative stress. This review intends to summarize briefly recent progress on the chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of their involvement in inflammation mediated metabolic diseases are also discussed. Perspectives for future research are also briefly discussed.

Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

The ability of probiotic bacteria to adhere to the intestinal epithelium play an important role in colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, preventing their elimination by peristalsis and providing a competitive advantage in this ecosystem. To identify bacterial traits related to adhesion the probiotic strain L. acidophilus M92 was examined for autoaggregation ability and cell surface hydrophobicity L. acidophilus M92 exhibits a strong autoaggregation phenotype and also coaggregation with some pathogen microorganisms that may form a barrier that prevents their colonization. The examined probiotic strain manifests a good degree of hydrophobicity determined by microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons. Aggregation and hydrophobicity were abolished upon exposure of the cells to pronase, which suggests the possible role of cell surface layer (S-layer) proteins, approximated at 45 kDa, in a L. acidophilus M92. The relationship between autoaggregation and adhesion ability to intestinal tissue was investigated by observing the adhesivity of L. acidophilus M92 to porcine ileal epithelial cells. Removal of the S-layer proteins by extraction with 5 M LiCl reduced autaggregation and in vitro adhesion of this strain.

Adhesion and aggregation ability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92

Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical applications Currently, many studies have investigated the biocompatibility and toxicity of GFNs in vivo and in intro Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies This review collects studies on the toxic effects of GFNs in several organs and cell models We also point out that various factors determine the toxicity of GFNs including the lateral size, surface structure, functionalization, charge, impurities, aggregations, and corona effect ect In addition, several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways In this review, we summarize the available information on regulating factors and the mechanisms of GFNs toxicity, and propose some challenges and suggestions for further investigations of GFNs, with the aim of completing the toxicology mechanisms, and providing suggestions to improve the biological safety of GFNs and facilitate their wide application

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Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms

BACKGROUND
The molecular mechanisms by which physical training improves peripheral and coronary artery disease are poorly understood. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are thought to exert beneficial effects on atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and vascular repair.


METHODS AND RESULTS
To study the effect of physical activity on the bone marrow, EPCs were quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis in mice randomized to running wheels (5.1+/-0.8 km/d, n=12 to 16 per group) or no running wheel. Numbers of EPCs circulating in the peripheral blood of trained mice were enhanced to 267+/-19%, 289+/-22%, and 280+/-25% of control levels after 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively, accompanied by a similar increase of EPCs in the bone marrow and EPCs expanded from spleen-derived mononuclear cells. eNOS-/- mice and wild-type mice treated with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester showed lower EPC numbers at baseline and a significantly attenuated increase of EPC in response to physical activity. Exercise NO dependently increased serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced the rate of apoptosis in spleen-derived EPCs. Running inhibited neointima formation after carotid artery injury by 22+/-2%. Neoangiogenesis, as assessed in a subcutaneous disc model, was increased by 41+/-16% compared with controls. In patients with stable coronary artery disease (n=19), moderate exercise training for 28 days led to a significant increase in circulating EPCs and reduced EPC apoptosis.


CONCLUSIONS
Physical activity increases the production and circulating numbers of EPCs via a partially NO-dependent, antiapoptotic effect that could potentially underlie exercise-related beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases.

P3461 Physical training increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation and enhances angiogenesis

EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes.

Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.

Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A review.

Growing demand for sustainable production, increasing competition and consideration of health concerns have led the meat industries on a path to innovation. Meat industries across the world are focusing on the development of novel meat products and processes to meet consumer demand. Hence, a process innovation, like nanotechnology, can have a significant impact on the meat processing industry through the development of not only novel functional meat products, but also novel packaging for the products. The potential benefits of utilizing nanomaterials in food are improved bioavailability, antimicrobial effects, enhanced sensory acceptance and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds. However, challenges exist in the application of nanomaterials due to knowledge gaps in the production of ingredients such as nanopowders, stability of delivery systems in meat products and health risks caused by the same properties which also offer the benefits. For the success of nanotechnology in meat products, challenges in public acceptance, economics and the regulation of food processed with nanomaterials which may have the potential to persist, accumulate and lead to toxicity need to be addressed. So far, the most promising area for nanotechnology application seems to be in meat packaging, but the long term effects on human health and environment due to migration of the nanomaterials from the packaging needs to be studied further. The future of nanotechnology in meat products depends on the roles played by governments, regulatory agencies and manufacturers in addressing the challenges related to the application of nanomaterials in food.

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Nanotechnology in Meat Processing and Packaging: Potential Applications — A Review

Rationale: Oxidative stress is believed to play a key role in the development of welding-induced disease.Objectives: This study investigated the effects of welding fume exposure on correlates of oxidative stress in the serum of asymptomatic shipyard welders.Methods: Blood samples from 197 male welders and 150 unexposed male office workers were analyzed for manganese and lead. Serum was assayed for protein, albumin, total antioxidant status (TAS), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), aconitase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heat shock protein 70, isoprostane, and reactive oxygen species, using electron spin resonance and chemiluminescence. Comparisons between welders and control subjects on biomarkers of oxidative stress were made, and evaluated for the effects of age and smoking. Associations between blood levels of manganese and lead and biomarkers were also explored.Results: Welding was associated with increases in serum protein, GPx, aconitase, TAS, and isoprostane levels compared with control subj...

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Correlates of oxidative stress and free-radical activity in serum from asymptomatic shipyard welders.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are active regulators of numerous biological and physiological processes including most of the events of mammalian reproduction. Understanding the biological functions of miRNAs in the context of mammalian reproduction will allow a better and comparative understanding of fertility and sterility in male and female mammals. Herein, we summarize recent progress in miRNA-mediated regulation of mammalian reproduction and highlight the significance of miRNAs in different aspects of mammalian reproduction including the biogenesis of germ cells, the functionality of reproductive organs, and the development of early embryos. Furthermore, we focus on the gene expression regulatory feedback loops involving hormones and miRNA expression to increase our understanding of germ cell commitment and the functioning of reproductive organs. Finally, we discuss the influence of miRNAs on male and female reproductive failure, and provide perspectives for future studies on this topic.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12459

Sung Gu Han

Papers

EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes.

Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments - A review.

Nanotechnology in Meat Processing and Packaging: Potential Applications — A Review

Correlates of oxidative stress and free-radical activity in serum from asymptomatic shipyard welders.

Roles of microRNAs in mammalian reproduction: from the commitment of germ cells to peri-implantation embryos.