1. Interaction. The interactions learners have with each other build interpersonal skills, such as listening, politely interrupting, expressing ideas, raising questions, disagreeing, paraphrasing, negotiating, and asking for help. 2. Interdependence. Learners must depend on one another to accomplish a common objective. Each group member has specific tasks to complete, and successful completion of each member’s tasks results in attaining the overall group objective.

将“Cooperative Learning”融入课堂——浅谈英语素质教育

Teams of people working together for a common purpose have been a centerpiece of human social organization ever since our ancient ancestors first banded together to hunt game, raise families, and defend their communities. Human history is largely a story of people working together in groups to explore, achieve, and conquer. Yet, the modern concept of work in large organizations that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is largely a tale of work as a collection of individual jobs. A variety of global forces unfolding over the last two decades, however, has pushed organizations worldwide to restructure work around teams, to enable more rapid, flexible, and adaptive responses to the unexpected. This shift in the structure of work has made team effectiveness a salient organizational concern.Teams touch our lives everyday and their effectiveness is important to well-being across a wide range of societal functions. There is over 50 years of psychological research—literally thousands of studies—fo...

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Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams

This article reviews psychological theory and research critical to understanding why parents become involved in their children’s elementary and secondary education. Three major constructs are believed to be central to parents’ basic involvement decisions. First, parents’ role construction defines parents’ beliefs about what they are supposed to do in their children’s education and appears to establish the basic range of activities that parents construe as important, necessary, and permissible for their own actions with and on behalf of children. Second, parents’ sense of efficacy for helping their children succeed in school focuses on the extent to which parents believe that through their involvement they can exert positive influence on their children’s educational outcomes. Third, general invitations, demands, and opportunities for involvement refer to parents’ perceptions that the child and school want them to be involved. Hypotheses concerning the functioning of the three constructs in an additive mode...

Why Do Parents Become Involved in Their Children’s Education?

Contemporary work organizations make heavy use of work teams to meet both immediate and strategic objectives. This chapter addresses the nature and dynamics of work teams. It emphasizes the types of teams that are commonly used in work settings and the processes that are key to their success. The extensive literature on work teams is reviewed and organized around the shifting demands the team's life cycle—from formation to disbanding. Special emphasis is given to research needs relative to team training and development and the role of team leadership.


Keywords:

composition;
development;
effectiveness;
leadership;
team life cycle;
team processes;
work teams

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Work Groups and Teams in Organizations

Shared leadership refers to a team property whereby leadership is distributed among team members rather than focused on a single designated leader. We examined antecedent conditions that lead to th...

Shared Leadership in Teams: An Investigation of Antecedent Conditions and Performance

• BACKGROUND Links between teamwork and outcomes have been established in a number of fields Investigations into this link in healthcare have yielded equivocal results • OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between the level of self-identified teamwork in the intensive care unit and patients’ outcomes • METHOD A total of 394 staff members of 17 intensive care units completed the Group Development Questionnaire and a demographic survey The questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure of team development and effectiveness Each unit’s predicted and actual mortality rates for the month in which data were collected were obtained Pearson product moment correlations and analyses of variance were used to analyze the data • RESULTS Staff members of units with mortality rates that were lower than predicted perceived their teams as functioning at higher stages of group development They perceived their team members as less dependent and more trusting than did staff members of units with mortality rates that were higher than predicted Staff members of high-performing units also perceived their teams as more structured and organized than did staff members of lower-performing units • CONCLUSIONS The results of this study and others establish a link between teamwork and patients’ outcomes in intensive care units The evidence is sufficient to warrant the implementation of strategies designed to improve the level of teamwork and collaboration among staff members in intensive care units (American Journal of Critical Care 2003;12:527-534)

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The Link Between Teamwork and Patients’ Outcomes in Intensive Care Units

Introduction. 1. Are Groups Real? 2. Models of Group Development. 3. Elements of Group Culture and Structure. 4. Stage One: Dependency and Inclusion. 5. Stage Two: Counterdependency and Fight. 6. Stage Three: Trust and Structure. 7. Stage Four and Five: Work and Termination. 8. The Individual and the Group. 9. Groups, Organizations, and Society. 10. Studying Groups: Who, What, Where? 11. Studying Groups: How? 12. Therapy, Counseling, and Personal Growth Groups. 13. Skills Training Groups. 14. Work Groups. A Final Thought.

Group Processes: A Developmental Perspective

This research investigated the impact of small and large work groups on developmental processes and group productivity. There were 329 work groups operating in for-profit and nonprofit organizations across the United States in this study. Groups containing 3 to 8 members were significantly more productive and more developmentally advanced than groups with 9 members or more. Groups containing 3 to 6 members were significantly more productive and more developmentally advanced than groups with 7 to 10 members or 11 members or more. The groups with 7 to 10 members or 11 members were not different from each other. Finally, groups containing 3 to 4 members were significantly more productive and more developmentally advanced on a number of measures than groups with 5 to 6 members. Work-group size is a crucial factor in increasing or decreasing both group development and productivity.

Group Size, Group Development, and Group Productivity

This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing particularly on the theories that guide such work. The temporal perspective is a process-focused view that treats groups as systems in which change occurs across multiple time scales. The review is organized around six themes that have been especially generative: (a) Time is socially constructed; (b) time is a resource; (c) time is a fundamental issue for theory and research; (d) groups change systematically over time; (e) group processes have temporal patterns; and (f) groups are complex systems characterized by nonlinear dynamics. The article closes by identifying the need for continued theory development and testing to better integrate the disparate theories and findings found in literature inspired by the temporal perspective.

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Time, Change, and Development The Temporal Perspective on Groups

This article describes the theoretical underpiunings, construction, and validation process of an instrument designed to measure developmental processes in groups. A total of 164 employees of three health care facilities comprised the validation sample. Reliability and intemal consistency were assessed. The process of establishing content, concurrent, criterion-related, and construct validity is also reported. The results support the reliability and validity of the Group Development Questionnaire. The existence of a dependable measure of group development may stimulate more basic research of group development and may encourage the creation of more research tools in this important area of study.

Susan A. Wheelan

Papers

The Link Between Teamwork and Patients’ Outcomes in Intensive Care Units

Group Processes: A Developmental Perspective

Group Size, Group Development, and Group Productivity

Time, Change, and Development The Temporal Perspective on Groups

Validation Studies of the Group Development Questionnaire