抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://amborella.net/2010PlantSystematics/DATA/3-24-APG%202003%20Bot%20J%20Linn%20Soc%20APGII.pdf

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II

Perp. punya vol. X. Flowering plant, eudicots : sapindales, cucurbitales, myrtaceae. Perp.punya: 1eks.

The Families And Genera Of Vascular Plants

As a discipline, phylogenetics is becoming transformed by a flood of molecular data. These data allow broad questions to be asked about the history of life, but also present difficult statistical and computational problems. Bayesian inference of phylogeny brings a new perspective to a number of outstanding issues in evolutionary biology, including the analysis of large phylogenetic trees and complex evolutionary models and the detection of the footprint of natural selection in DNA sequences.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/294/5550/2310.full.pdf

Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology

A survey of 659 papers mostly published since 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land plants. A plant phylogeny was then used to map the mycorrhizal information to examine evolutionary patterns. Several findings from this survey enhance our understanding of the roles of mycorrhizas in the origin and subsequent diversification of land plants. First, 80 and 92% of surveyed land plant species and families are mycorrhizal. Second, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type of mycorrhiza in land plants. Its occurrence in a vast majority of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the origin of land plants. Third, ectomycorrhiza (ECM) and its derived types independently evolved from AM many times through parallel evolution. Coevolution between plant and fungal partners in ECM and its derived types has probably contributed to diversification of both plant hosts and fungal symbionts. Fourth, mycoheterotrophy and loss of the mycorrhizal condition also evolved many times independently in land plants through parallel evolution.

Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants

Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences

Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from 18S Ribosomal DNA Sequences

Medusagyne oppositifolia Baker is the sole member of Medusagynaceae Engl. & Gilg and its phylogenetic position has been unclear. Analysis of rbcL sequence data indicates a close and strongly supported relationship to Ochnaceae and Quiinaceae, but does not resolve the relationships between these taxa. Together the three families form a monophyletic group with a somewhat more distant relationship to other linalean groups including Malpighiaceae, Linaceae and phyllanthoid Euphorbiaceae.

Taxonomic affinities of Medusagyne oppositifolia (Medusagynaceae)

Summary. Circumscription of Flacourtiaceae was investigated with a phylogenetic analysis of plastid rbcL DNA sequences, and the family was found to be composed of two clades that are more closely related to other families in Malpighiales than to each other. In one of these, that containing the type genus Flacourtia, Salicaceae are embedded, whereas the other clade includes the members of the peculiar and poorly known South African Achariaceae. The latter family name is conserved against all listed synonyms. Thus we propose the recognition of two families: i) Salicaceae sensu lato, including tribes Banareae, Bembicieae, Scolopieae, Samydeae (syn. Casearieae), Homalieae, Flacourtieae, Prockieae and Saliceae, as well as Abatieae (by some authors of Passifloraceae) and Scyphostegieae (Scyphostegia of the monogeneric Scyphostegiaceae); and ii) Achariaceae sensu lato, including tribes Pangieae, Lindackerieae, Erythrospermeae and Acharieae (Acharia, Ceratiosicyos and Guthriea of Achariaceae). Several genera considered by many previous authors to be members of Flacourtiaceae are excluded from Malpighiales: Berberidopsis and Aphloia fall near the base of the higher eudicots. Several tribes require different names from those used in previous systems, and we include an appendix indicating a tentative revised tribal taxonomy for both Salicaceae and Achariaceae sensu lato.

Susan M. Swensen

Papers

Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences

Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from 18S Ribosomal DNA Sequences

Taxonomic affinities of Medusagyne oppositifolia (Medusagynaceae)

When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences

The evolution of actinorhizal symbioses: evidence for multiple origins of the symbiotic association