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Economics of natural resources and the environment

This month, the Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) column reviews the recently published guideline, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. This set of recommendations is available in a quick reference format and a more comprehensive clinician's guide that includes detailed information on the methodology and references used to develop the guidelines. Both are available in electronic and hard copy versions through a variety of sources, including the National Guidelines Clearinghouse, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Cancer Institute.

Treating tobacco use and dependence.

Properties of progressively censored order statistics and inferential procedures based on progressively censored samples have recently attracted considerable attention in the literature. In this paper, I provide an overview of various developments that have taken place in this direction and also suggest some potential problems of interest for further research.

Progressive censoring methodology: an appraisal

The Structure of Inference.

Background The detrimental impact of smoking on health has been widely documented since the 1960s. Numerous studies have also quantified the economic cost that smoking imposes on society. However, these studies have mostly been in high income countries, with limited documentation from developing countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in countries throughout the world, including in low- and middle-income settings. Methods The Cost of Illness approach is used to estimate the economic cost of smoking attributable-diseases in 2012. Under this approach, economic costs are defined as either ‘direct costs9 such as hospital fees or ‘indirect costs’ representing the productivity loss from morbidity and mortality. The same method was applied to 152 countries, which had all the necessary data, representing 97% of the world9s smokers. Findings The amount of healthcare expenditure due to smoking-attributable diseases totalled purchasing power parity (PPP) $467 billion (US$422 billion) in 2012, or 5.7% of global health expenditure. The total economic cost of smoking (from health expenditures and productivity losses together) totalled PPP $1852 billion (US$1436 billion) in 2012, equivalent in magnitude to 1.8% of the world9s annual gross domestic product (GDP). Almost 40% of this cost occurred in developing countries, highlighting the substantial burden these countries suffer. Conclusions Smoking imposes a heavy economic burden throughout the world, particularly in Europe and North America, where the tobacco epidemic is most advanced. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to implement stronger tobacco control measures to address these costs.

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/27/1/58.full.pdf

Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases

This article presents progressively censored variable sampling plans for the Weibull distribution. Approximate maximum likelihood estimators are developed for estimating the parameters of interest. In the construction of sampling plans, asymptotic distribution theory is used to determine the sample size and the acceptance constant. Sampling plans are tabulated for selected progressive censoring patterns and specifications, for demonstration and comparison. A Monte Carlo experiment, conducted to investigate the accuracy of the asymptotic normal approximation, has shown that the procedure is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. An example, based on data reported by Montanari and Cacciari from progressively censored aging tests on XLPE-insulated cable models, is given for illustration.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1271448

Progressively Censored Reliability Sampling Plans for the Weibull Distribution

This paper presents reliability sampling plans for the two-parameter exponential distribution under progressive censoring. These sampling plans are quite useful to practitioners, because they provide savings in resources and in total test time. Furthermore, they off er the flexibility to remove functioning test specimens from further testing at various stages of the experimentation. In the construction of these sampling plans, the operating characteristic curve is derived using the exact distributional properties of maximum likelihood estimators. An example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed sampling plans.

Reliability sampling plans for the two-parameter exponential distribution under progressive censoring

This study provides estimates for the cost of smoking in Singapore in 1997. A first attempt for Singapore, the paper reports on two different methods used, namely, the human capital approach and the demographic approach. These two measures are similar in that they compare the economic cost of smoking in the actual situation with the hypothetical alternative where there had been no smoking. The direct cost of smoking includes the amount spent on hospital care for five main diseases related to smoking whilst the indirect cost includes the value of lost income. The mortality cost of smoking is derived from the aetiological fractions of these diseases. The results from the human capital approach show that the social cost of smoking in 1997 ranged from S$673 million to S$839 million. Assuming there has been no smoking since 1990, calculations from the demographic approach indicate that national output would have increased by S$614 million in 1998. Nonetheless, the results from both approaches show that most of the cost of smoking is incurred by males.

The social cost of smoking in Singapore.

In this paper, we propose a new probability model called the log-EIG distribution for lifetime data analysis. Some important properties of the proposed model and maximum likelihood estimation of its parameters are discussed. Its relationship with the exponential inverse Gaussian distribution is similar to that of the lognormal and the normal distributions. Through applications to well-known datasets, we show that the log-EIG distribution competes well, and in some instances even provides a better fit than the commonly used lifetime models such as the gamma, lognormal, Weibull and inverse Gaussian distributions. It can accommodate situations where an increasing failure rate model is required as well as those with a decreasing failure rate at larger times.

Sutaip L. C. Saw

Papers

Progressively Censored Reliability Sampling Plans for the Weibull Distribution

Reliability sampling plans for the two-parameter exponential distribution under progressive censoring

The social cost of smoking in Singapore.

The log-eig distribution: a new probability model for lifetime data

A note on approximate moments of progressively censored order statistics