THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Greener approaches to organic synthesis using microreactor technology.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt8rf718jm/qt8rf718jm.pdf?t=krnesf

Recent Advances in Mechanical Micromachining

The miniaturization of machine components is perceived by many as a requirement for the future technological development of a broad spectrum of products. Miniature components can provide smaller footprints, lower power consumption and higher heat transfer, since their surface-to-volume ratio is very high. To create these components, micro-meso-scale fabrication using miniaturized mechanical material removal processes has a unique advantage in creating 3D components using a variety of engineering materials. The motivation for micro-mechanical cutting stems from the translation of the knowledge obtained from the macro-machining domain to the micro-domain. However, there are challenges and limitations to micro-machining, and simple scaling cannot be used to model the phenomena of micro-machining operations. This paper surveys the current efforts in mechanical micro-machining research and applications, especially for micro-milling operations, and suggests areas from macro-machining that should be examined and researched for application to the improvement of micro-machining processes.

Investigation of micro-cutting operations

We study the pull-in instability in microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonators and find that characteristics of the pull-in phenomenon in the presence of AC loads differ from those under purely DC loads. We analyze this phenomenon, dubbed dynamic pull-in, and formulate safety criteria for the design of MEMS resonant sensors and filters excited near one of their natural frequencies. We also utilize this phenomenon to design a low-voltage MEMS RF switch actuated with a combined DC and AC loading. The new switch uses a voltage much lower than the traditionally used DC voltage. Either the frequency or the amplitude of the AC loading can be adjusted to reduce the driving voltage and switching time. The new actuation method has the potential of solving the problem of high driving voltages of RF MEMS switches.

Dynamic pull-in phenomenon in MEMS resonators

Improved method of handwritten digit recognition tested on MNIST database

At present, many areas of industry have strong tendencies towards miniaturization of products. Mechanical components of these products as a rule are manufactured using conventional large-scale equipment or micromechanical equipment based on microelectronic technology (MEMS). The first method has some drawbacks because conventional large-scale equipment consumes much energy, space and material. The second method seems to be more advanced but has some limitations, for example, two-dimensional (2D) or 2.5-dimensional shapes of components and materials compatible with silicon technology. In this paper, we consider an alternative technology of micromechanical device production. This technology is based on micromachine tools (MMT) and microassembly devices, which can be produced as sequential generations of microequipment. The first generation can be produced by conventional large-scale equipment. The machine tools of this generation can have overall sizes of 100–200 mm. Using microequipment of this generation, second generation microequipment having smaller overall sizes can be produced. This process can be repeated to produce generations of micromachine tools having overall sizes of some millimetres. In this paper we describe the efforts and some results of first generation microequipment prototyping. A micromachining centre having an overall size of 130 × 160 × 85 mm3 was produced and characterized. This centre has allowed us to manufacture micromechanical details having sizes from 50 µm to 5 mm. These details have complex three-dimensional shapes (for example, screw, gear, graduated shaft, conic details, etc), and are made from different materials, such as brass, steel, different plastics etc. We have started to investigate and to make prototypes of the assembly microdevices controlled by a computer vision system. In this paper we also describe an example of the applications (microfilters) for the proposed technology.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/12/6/311/pdf

Development of micromachine tool prototypes for microfactories

Microelectronics-based micromechanics is rather limited for the construction of 3D micromechanisms with moving parts. We propose to use microequipment to transfer the technologies of mechanical engineering to the microdomain. We show that equipment precision increases linearly with decreasing size. To make microequipment, we suggest a series of equipment generations with gradually decreasing dimensions. Miniaturization of equipment will reduce power consumption and floor area occupied. Coupled with automation, it will drastically reduce the cost of microequipment. This in its turn will reduce the cost of micromechanical devices manufactured by microequipment. Microequipment-based manufacturing will also increase throughput by the concurrent operation of large numbers of low-cost microequipment pieces. The low cost and high productivity of microequipment-based manufacturing will widen the range of feasible micromechanical applications, both single-unit and mass. We propose designs for microvalve fluid filters, capillary heat exchangers, electromagnetic and hydraulic step motors that could be easily implemented by micromechanical engineering technologies. Hybrid technologies combining massively parallel microequipment based manufacturing and batch manufacturing may also be promising.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/6/4/008/pdf

Micromechanical engineering: a basis for the low-cost manufacturing of mechanical microdevices using microequipment

Flat image recognition in the process of microdevice assembly

The Rosenblatt perceptron was used for handwritten digit recognition. For testing its performance the MNIST database was used. 60,000 samples of handwritten digits were used for perceptron training, and 10,000 samples for testing. A recognition rate of 99.2% was obtained. The critical parameter of Rosenblatt perceptrons is the number of neurons N in the associative neuron layer. We changed the parameter N from 1,000 to 512,000. We investigated the influence of this parameter on the performance of the Rosenblatt perceptron. Increasing N from 1,000 to 512,000 involves decreasing of test errors from 5 to 8 times. It was shown that a large scale Rosenblatt perceptron is comparable with the best classifiers checked on MNIST database (98.9%-99.3%).

T. Baidyk

Papers

Improved method of handwritten digit recognition tested on MNIST database

Development of micromachine tool prototypes for microfactories

Micromechanical engineering: a basis for the low-cost manufacturing of mechanical microdevices using microequipment

Flat image recognition in the process of microdevice assembly

Rosenblatt perceptrons for handwritten digit recognition