Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds

Castor oil is, as many other plant oils, a very valuable renewable resource for the chemical industry. This review article provides an overview on this specialty oil, covering its production and properties. More importantly, the preparation, properties and major application possibilities of chemical derivatives of castor oil are highlighted. Our discussion focuses on application possibilities of castor oil and its derivatives for the synthesis of renewable monomers and polymers. An overview of recent developments in this field is provided and selected examples are discussed in detail, including the preparation and characterization of castor oil-derived polyurethanes, polyesters and polyamides.

Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry

Review of cocoa butter and alternative fats for use in chocolate-Part A. Compositional data

With respect to their browning potential and in consideration of a combined recovery of pectin and phenolic compounds, peels of 14 cultivars and the flesh of nine cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits were analyzed for their contents of flavonol O- and xanthone C-glycosides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)−diode array detection−electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). While total amounts of up to 4860 mg/kg dry matter demonstrated the peels to be a rich source of phenolic compounds, only traces could be detected in the flesh. The profile of flavonol glycosides of the peels proved to be highly characteristic and may therefore serve as a tool for authenticity control of mango puree concentrate, which is often produced from unpeeled fruits and represents an important intermediate for the production of mango nectars. Two compounds were isolated by preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of ESI-MS as well as NMR spectroscopy, establishing the two...

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Screening of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars for Their Contents of Flavonol O- and Xanthone C-Glycosides, Anthocyanins, and Pectin

Occurrence and Characteristics of Oils and Fats

Wide variations were found in the content, characteristics and composition of seed and fat of 43 varieties of mango (Mangifera indica) fruit. The seed in fruit amounted to 3–25% and kernel in seed 54–85% on an as-is basis. The contents of fat, protein and ash in kernel ranged 3.7–12.6, 4.0–8.1 and 1.0–3.7 (% on dry basis), respectively. Acid value of fat varied from 2.1 to 8.8 and unsaponifiables from 1.0 to 5.3%. The ranges for fatty acids, as determined by gas chromatography, were: 16:0, 3–18; 17:0, traces-2.0; 18:0, 24–57; 18:1, 34–56; 18:2, 1–13 and 20:0, traces-4 (area %).

Varietal variations in content, characteristics and composition of mango seeds and fat

The effects of variations in pressure (20–40 kg/cm2), oil-to-water ratio (1:0.4–1:1, w/w) and time (0–8 hr) on the extent of hydrolysis of castor oil were studied. Higher pressure, lower oil-to-water ratio and longer duration gave higher percentage splits. At 40 kg/cm2 pressure and an oil-to-water ratio of 1:1, ca. 92% split was obtained in 8 hr. When the oil was hydrolyzed in 2 stages at 20 kg/cm2 with an oil-to-water ratio of 1:0.4, ca. 96% split was obtained in a total period of 10 hr. Splitting at 20 kg/cm2 gave minimal amounts of dienoic acids because of the decomposition of estolides.

High pressure splitting of castor oil

The seeds and extracted oils ofCarissa spinarum (Apocynaceae), (I),Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) (II) andPhysalis minima (Solanaceae) (III) were analyzed for characteristics and compositions The seeds of I, II and III contained 224, 64 and 400% oil and 101, 276 and 179% protein, respectively The oils of I, II and III had, respectively, iodine values 701, 1135 and 1225; saponification values 186, 188 and 189; unsaponifiable matter 52, 25 and 08%, and the following fatty acid compositions (area %): palmitic 126, 142, 105; stearic 76, 61, 86; oleic 727, 201, 173; linoleic 52, 538, 614; linolenic 09, 18, 00, and arachidic 10, 23, 00 II contained 17% lignoceric acid III contained small amounts of hexadecenoic (01%), epoxy (06%) and hydroxy (15%) fatty acids

Characteristics and compositions ofCarissa spinarum, Leucaena leucocephala andPhysalis minima seeds and oils

Chromatographic methods for the determination of monomer, dimer and trimer fractions in dimer fatty acids☆

Methyl esters of 10-undecenoic, oleic, linoleic and castor oil fatty acids were hydrogenated with hydroxylamine-ethyl acetate reagent under nitrogen, without change in position and configuration of double bonds. The fatty acid ester was also found to participate in the generation of diimide. No hydrazide was formed.

T. Chandrasekhara Rao

Papers

Varietal variations in content, characteristics and composition of mango seeds and fat

High pressure splitting of castor oil

Characteristics and compositions ofCarissa spinarum, Leucaena leucocephala andPhysalis minima seeds and oils

Chromatographic methods for the determination of monomer, dimer and trimer fractions in dimer fatty acids☆

Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with diimide from hydroxylamine-ethyl acetate