Leaf extracts of both Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana sylvestris contain multiple forms of catalase (H2O2:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) which are separable at different pH values by chromatofocusing columns. Marked changes in distribution of these catalases occur during seedling development and leaf maturation. The form of catalase eluting first (peak 1) was predominant during early seedling growth and present at all stages of development. Two more acidic forms (peaks 2 and 3) appeared later and comprised 29% of the total activity by 11 days postgermination. Mature leaves of N. tabacum contained peak 1 catalase, but peaks 2 and 3 represented 62% of the total activity. No interconversion of peaks 1, 2, and 3 was detected. The three forms of catalase differed in thermal stability with peak 1 > peak 2 ≫ peak 3. For N. sylvestris, t½ at 55°C was 31.5 and 3.0 min for peaks 1 and 3, respectively, and for N. tabacum, t½ was 41.5 and 3.2 min, respectively. All forms of catalase in tobacco show peroxidatic (measured as ethanol to acetaldehyde conversion) as well as catalatic activities. However, for both Nicotiana species the ratio peroxidatic/catalatic activity is at least 30-fold higher in peak 3 than in peaks 1 and 2. Chromatofocusing of extracts from spinach leaves separated at least four peaks of catalase activity, one of which had a 10-fold higher ratio of peroxidatic/catalatic activity than the others. Short-term growth (5 days) of tobacco seedlings under atmospheric conditions suppressing photorespiration (1% CO2/21% O2) reduced total catalase activity and caused a decline in peak 1 catalase and a substantial increase in the activity of peaks 2 and 3 relative to air-grown seedlings at the same stage.

Biochemical and developmental characterization of multiple forms of catalase in tobacco leaves.

The 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone Hydrazone Test. Sensitive New Methods for the Detection, Rapid Estimation, and Determination of Aliphatic Aldehydes

The chemistry of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere—A review

A sensitive colour reaction is described for estimating fungi which contain chitin. The method is based on the alkaline deacetylation of chitin to chitosan, the glucosamine residues of which are susceptible to deamination with nitrous acid. This yields an aldehyde which is determined colorimetrically with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone. The observed level of aldehyde, expressed as glucosamine, was related to fungal dry weight by experiments using different fungi grown in vitro. The method, requiring 5 h to complete, has been tested on five phytopathogenic fungi and three hosts, and should be applicable to a wide range of host-pathogen systems.

A rapid method for the chemical estimation of filamentous fungi in plant tissue

This review summarizes direct and indirect analytical methods for the detection and quantification of the reactive oxygen species (ROS): 1O2, O2·−/HOO·, H2O2, HO·, and CO3·− in aqueous solution. Each section briefly describes the chemical properties of a specific ROS followed by a table (organized alphabetically by detection method, i.e., absorbance, chemiluminescence, etc.) summarizing the nature of the observable (associated analytical signal) for each method, limit of detection, application notes, and reaction of the probe molecule with the particular ROS.

Methods for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in aqueous environments

The air of 14 American cities was examined for the following poly cyclic hydrocarbons: pyrene, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, perylene, benzo [g, h, i]perylene, anthanthrene and coronene. Usually, fluoranthene, chrysene, and benz[a]anthracene were also found in ambient air samples. In all urban samples the concentration of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was generally greater in winter than in summer. The ratios of benzo[a]pyrene to benzo-[g, h, i]perylene and to coronene are introduced as possible indicators of air pollution due to automobile exhaust fumes or coal combustion pollution.

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Composition of the Atmosphere in some Large American Cities.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releasing Compounds with Chromotropic Acid, 6-Amino-1-naphthol-3-sulfonic Acid (J Acid), and 6-Anilino-1-napthol-3-sulfonic Acid (Phenyl J Acid).

T. R. Hauser

Papers

The 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone Hydrazone Test. Sensitive New Methods for the Detection, Rapid Estimation, and Determination of Aliphatic Aldehydes

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Composition of the Atmosphere in some Large American Cities.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releasing Compounds with Chromotropic Acid, 6-Amino-1-naphthol-3-sulfonic Acid (J Acid), and 6-Anilino-1-napthol-3-sulfonic Acid (Phenyl J Acid).

Mass Spectra of Aliphatic Thiols and Sulfides

Spot Test Detection and Colorimetric Determination of Aliphatic Aldehydes with 2-Hydrazinobenzothiazole. Application to Air Pollution