Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.

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Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration

The integration of distributed sources into existing networks brings up several technical, economical and regulatory questions. In terms of physical integration, protection is one of the major issues. Therefore new protection schemes for both distributed generators (DG) and utility distribution networks have been developed in the recent years, but there are still open questions. This document is the result of a literature study and intends to give an overview of issues and current state concerning protection of DG. The first part gives a basic introduction to distributed generation and power system protection. In section 2 protection issues concerning DG are outlined, then the current practice is described in section 3. In section 4 some new approaches in this field are reported and finally section 5 concludes with an outlook.

Protection of Power Systems with Distributed Generation: State of the Art

Hydropower is a major energy source among the renewable energy sources. According to “BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2013”, 16.34 percentage of global power generation acquire from hydropower. To attain efficient generation in hydro plant, extensive design with the up to date technology is mandatory. To make the generation more effective various technologies are adopted, among these the very effective one is power electronics (PE) technology. The paper has reviewed the challenges in how PE technology fits in as the solution for various hydroelectric energy systems (HEES). The PE technology is adapted efficiently in various parts of HEES like, grid integration, machine control, switching (pumping mode to generating mode and vice versa), power control, voltage and frequency control, power factor correction, etc., The advancement of PE technology diminishes the cost and space of the plant and enhances the power handling capability. The paper emergence the outstanding features of power electronics in various aspects that will extensively contribute to the development of HEES around the world. In addition, PE contribution satisfies the need of reliability, dynamic response, efficiency, protection, etc., in HEES.

Power electronics in hydro electric energy systems – A review

A new islanding detection technique for multiple mini hydro based on rate of change of reactive power and load connecting strategy

Combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration is the sequential production of two forms of useful energy from a single fuel source. In most CHP applications, chemical energy in fuel is converted to both mechanical and thermal energy. The mechanical energy is generally used to generate electricity, while the thermal energy or heat is used to produce steam, hot water, or hot air. Depending on the application, CHP is referred to by various names including Building Cooling, Heating, and Power (BCHP); Cooling, Heating, and Power for Buildings (CHPB); Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP); Integrated Energy Systems (IES), or Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The principal technical advantage of a CHP system is its ability to extract more useful energy from fuel compared to traditional energy systems such as conventional power plants that only generate electricity and industrial boiler systems that only produce steam or hot water for process applications. By using fuel energy for both power and heat production, CHP systems can be very energy efficient and have the potential to produce electricity below the price charged by the local power provider. Another important incentive for applying cogeneration technology is to reduce or eliminate dependency on the electrical grid. Formore » some industrial processes, the consequences of losing power for even a short period of time are unacceptable. The primary objective of the guide is to present information needed to evaluate the viability of cogeneration for new or existing industrial, commercial, and institutional (ICI) boiler installations and to make informed CHP equipment selection decisions. Information presented is meant to help boiler owners and operators understand the potential benefits derived from implementing a CHP project and recognize opportunities for successful application of cogeneration technology. Topics covered in the guide follow: (1) an overview of cogeneration technology with discussions about benefits of applying cogeneration technology and barriers to implementing cogeneration technology; (2) applicable federal regulations and permitting issues; (3) descriptions of prime movers commonly used in CHP applications, including discussions about design characteristics, heat-recovery options and equipment, fuels and emissions, efficiency, maintenance, availability, and capital cost; (4) electrical generators and electrical interconnection equipment; (5) cooling and dehumidification equipment; (6) thermodynamic cycle options and configurations; (7) steps for evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of applying cogeneration technology; and (8) information sources.« less

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Guide to Combined Heat and Power Systems for Boiler Owners and Operators

The IEEE P1547 Standard For Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems is the first in the P1547-series of planned interconnection standards, and, there are additional standards needed. There are major issues and obstacles to an orderly transition to using and integrating distributed power resources with electric power systems (grid or utility grid). The lack of uniform national interconnection standards and tests for interconnection operation and certification, as well as the lack of uniform national building, electrical, and safety codes, are understood, and, resolving that needs reasonable lead time to develop and promulgate consensus. The P1547 standard is a benchmark milestone for the IEEE standards consensus process and successfully demonstrates a model for ongoing success in developing further national standards and for moving forward in modernizing our nation's electric power system.

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T.S. Basso

Papers

IEEE P1547-series of standards for interconnection