Ionic liquids (ILs), considered to be a relatively recent magical chemical due their unique properties, have a large variety of applications in all areas of the chemical industries. The areas of application include electrolyte in batteries, lubricants, plasticizers, solvents and catalysis in synthesis, matrices for mass spectroscopy, solvents to manufacture nano-materials, extraction, gas absorption agents, etc. Non-volatility and non-flammability are their common characteristics giving them an advantageous edge in various applications. This common advantage, when considered with the possibility of tuning the chemical and physical properties of ILs by changing anion–cation combination is a great opportunity to obtain task-specific ILs for a multitude of specific applications. There are numerous studies in the related literature concerning the unique properties, preparation methods, and different applications of ILs in the literature. In this review, a general description of ILs and historical background are given; basic properties of ILs such as solvent properties, polarity, toxicology, air and moisture stability are discussed; structure of ILs, cation, anion types and synthesis methods in the related literature are briefly summarized. However, the main focus of this paper is how ILs may be used in the chemicals processing industries. Thus, the main application areas are searched and the basic applications such as solvent replacement, purification of gases, homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis, biological reactions media and removal of metal ions are discussed in detail. Not only the advantages of ILs but also the essential challenges and potentials for using ILs in the chemical industries are also addressed. ILs have become the partner of scCO 2 in many applications and most of the reported studies in the literature focus on the interaction of these two green solvents, i.e. ILs and scCO 2 . The chemistry of the ILs has been reviewed in numerous papers earlier. Therefore, the major purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview for the specific chemical and physical properties of ILs and to investigate IL–scCO 2 systems in some detail. Recovery of solutes from ILs with CO 2 , separation of ILs from organic solvents by CO 2 , high-pressure phase behavior of IL–scCO 2 systems, solubility of ILs in CO 2 phase, and the interaction of the IL–scCO 2 system at molecular level are also included.

A review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applications

Ionic liquids (ILs) hold great potential as replacements for traditional volatile organic solvents and have been shown to be a viable medium for numerous types of reactions. This work investigates the feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide, another environmentally benign solvent, for the separation of organic solutes from an ionic liquid. Recovery rates of aromatic and aliphatic solutes from 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) are given. Supercritical fluid extraction is shown to be a viable separation technique with the additional benefits of environmental sustainability and pure product recovery.

/pdf/recovery-of-organic-products-from-ionic-liquids-using-2m9gdhi4yv.pdf

Recovery of Organic Products from Ionic Liquids Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Review of ASP EOR (alkaline surfactant polymer enhanced oil recovery) technology in the petroleum industry: Prospects and challenges

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2014/cy/c4cy00327f

A review of advanced catalyst development for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons from biomass derived syn-gas

https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6844574/Meindersma05selection.pdf

Selection of ionic liquids for the extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from aromatic/aliphatic mixtures

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining provides a thorough and balanced introduction to refinery engineering topics, from basic concepts and unit operations to overall refinery economics, planning and control. Based on the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, the text develops the scientific background needed to understand refinery operations, provides an in depth description of major refinery processes, and then assimilates an integrated refinery by focusing on the economic and operational aspects for enhancing performance and profitability. The book is mainly directed to undergraduate and graduate students in Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. It is also directed to new engineering college graduates who are starting their career in oil and gas industry. For experienced engineers and managers, this book is ideal for acquiring the necessary background in this area and following up with new topics in refining industry.The book includes topics such as clean fuels, gasification, biofuels, automation, environmental impacts as well as planning and scheduling of refinery operations.Throughout, the book provides numerous opportunities to put fundamental refining principles into practice.- Provides balanced coverage of fundamental and operational topics- Includes spreadsheets and process simulators for showing trends and simulation case studies- Relates processing to planning and management to give an integrated picture of refining

Taher A. Al-Sahhaf

Papers

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining

Physical properties of heavy petroleum fractions and crude oils

Wax deposition from Middle East crudes

Retardation of asphaltene precipitation by addition of toluene, resins, deasphalted oil and surfactants

Synthesis of esters: Development of the rate expression for the Dowex 50 Wx8-400 catalyzed esterification of propionic acid with 1-propanol