Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the world There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a wide range of conditions, including cerebral and cardiac ischaemic diseases, sleep disorders, immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer After more than three decades of medicinal chemistry research, a considerable number of selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors have been discovered, and some have been clinically evaluated, although none has yet received regulatory approval However, recent advances in the understanding of the roles of the various adenosine receptor subtypes, and in the development of selective and potent ligands, as discussed in this review, have brought the goal of therapeutic application of adenosine receptor modulators considerably closer

Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets

The present invention relates to imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives, that are useful for treating cellular proliferative diseases, for treating disorders associated with MET activity, and for inhibiting the receptor tyrosine kinase MET. The invention also related to compositions which comprise these compounds, and methods of using them to treat cancer in mammals.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Pharmacology over the past 100 years has had a rich tradition of scientists with the ability to form qualitative or semi-quantitative relations between molecular structure and activity in cerebro. To test these hypotheses they have consistently used traditional pharmacology tools such as in vivo and in vitro models. Increasingly over the last decade however we have seen that computational (in silico) methods have been developed and applied to pharmacology hypothesis development and testing. These in silico methods include databases, quantitative structure-activity relationships, pharmacophores, homology models and other molecular modeling approaches, machine learning, data mining, network analysis tools and data analysis tools that use a computer. In silico methods are primarily used alongside the generation of in vitro data both to create the model and to test it. Such models have seen frequent use in the discovery and optimization of novel molecules with affinity to a target, the clarification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties as well as physicochemical characterization. The aim of this review is to illustrate some of the in silico methods for pharmacology that are used in drug discovery. Further applications of these methods to specific targets and their limitations will be discussed in the second accompanying part of this review.

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707305

In silico pharmacology for drug discovery: methods for virtual ligand screening and profiling

Recent developments in adenosine receptor ligands and their potential as novel drugs

Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that modulate kinase activity, including PI3 kinase activity, and compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of treatment of diseases and conditions associated with kinase activity, including PI3 kinase activity, are described herein.

Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof

Structure-activity relationships of adenosine A3 receptor ligands: new potential therapy for the treatment of glaucoma.

A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivative represented by general formula (1) and having such a potent analgesic effect that it is useful as an analgesic, wherein R1 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, thienyl, furyl, lower alkenyl or phenyl; R2 represents naphthyl, cycloalkyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, phenoxy or phenyl; R3 represents hydrogen, phenyl or lower alkyl; R4 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy-carbonyl, phenyl-substituted lower alkyl, phenyl or halogen; R5 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl; R6 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl-substituted lower alkyl or benzoyl; Q represents carbonyl or sulfonyl; A represents a single bond, lower alkylene or lower alkenylene; and n represents 0 or 1.

Pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine derivative

A three-dimensional pharmacophore model of mesangial cell (MC) proliferation inhibitors was generated from a training set of 4-(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl-N-(3-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)benzamide, 2, and its derivatives using the Catalyst/HIPHOP software program. On the basis of the in vitro MC proliferation inhibitory activity, a pharmacophore model was generated as seven features consisting of two hydrophobic regions, two hydrophobic aromatic regions, and three hydrogen bond acceptors. Using this model as a three-dimensional query to search the Maybridge database, structurally novel 41 compounds were identified. The evaluation of MC proliferation inhibitory activity using available samples from the 41 identified compounds exhibited over 50% inhibitory activity at the 100 nM range. Interestingly, the newly identified compounds by the 3D database searching method exhibited the reduced inhibition of normal proximal tubular epithelial cell proliferation compared to a training set of compounds.

Discovery of novel mesangial cell proliferation inhibitors using a three-dimensional database searching method.

A series of triazolopurines showed structural similarity to human adenosine A3 receptor antagonist, 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline (MRS 1220, 1). In this study, we found novel 1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-i]purine derivatives (2) showing human adenosine A3 receptor affinities. The compounds were obtained in two steps from 5-amino-4-cyanoimidazole (33). The affinity was determined in radioligand binding assays for the cloned human adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors. After the structure−activity relationship was analyzed, we determined that there was a mild parabolic relationship between the length of alkyl groups at the 5-position and the affinities at the A3 receptor and positive correlation between the length of the substituents on phenyl groups at the 8-position and the affinities at the A2A receptor. These investigations led to potent and selective human adenosine A3 receptor ligands. The most potent A3 receptor ligand (5-n-butyl-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-[1,2,...

Takashi Okamura

Papers

Structure-activity relationships of adenosine A3 receptor ligands: new potential therapy for the treatment of glaucoma.

Pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine derivative

Discovery of novel mesangial cell proliferation inhibitors using a three-dimensional database searching method.

1,2,4-Triazolo[5,1-i]purine derivatives as highly potent and selective human adenosine A(3) receptor ligands.

Facile synthesis of fused 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives as human adenosine A3 receptor ligands.