Turbulent dispersed multiphase flows are common in many engineering and environmental applications. The stochastic nature of both the carrier-phase turbulence and the dispersed-phase distribution makes the problem of turbulent dispersed multiphase flow far more complex than its single-phase counterpart. In this article we first review the current state-of-the-art experimental and computational techniques for turbulent dispersed multiphase flows, their strengths and limitations, and opportunities for the future. The review then focuses on three important aspects of turbulent dispersed multiphase flows: the preferential concentration of particles, droplets, and bubbles; the effect of turbulence on the coupling between the dispersed and carrier phases; and modulation of carrier-phase turbulence due to the presence of particles and bubbles.

Turbulent Dispersed Multiphase Flow

An immersed boundary method with direct forcing for the simulation of particulate flows

Discrete particle simulation of particulate systems: A review of major applications and findings

Fully Conservative Higher Order Finite Difference Schemes for Incompressible Flow

An efficient ghost-cell immersed boundary method (GCIBM) for simulating turbulent flows in complex geometries is presented. A boundary condition is enforced through a ghost cell method. The reconstruction procedure allows systematic development of numerical schemes for treating the immersed boundary while preserving the overall second-order accuracy of the base solver. Both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions can be treated. The current ghost cell treatment is both suitable for staggered and non-staggered Cartesian grids. The accuracy of the current method is validated using flow past a circular cylinder and large eddy simulation of turbulent flow over a wavy surface. Numerical results are compared with experimental data and boundary-fitted grid results. The method is further extended to an existing ocean model (MITGCM) to simulate geophysical flow over a three-dimensional bump. The method is easily implemented as evidenced by our use of several existing codes.

A Ghost-Cell Immersed Boundary Method for Flow in Complex Geometry

The interaction between a turbulent gas flow and particle motion was investigated by numerical simulations of gas–particle turbulent downward flow in a vertical channel. In particular the effect of inter-particle collision on the two-phase flow field was investigated. The gas flow field was obtained by large-eddy simulation (LES). Particles were treated by a Lagrangian method, with inter-particle collisions calculated by a deterministic method. The spatial resolution for LES of gas–solid two-phase turbulent flow was examined and relations between grid resolution and Stokes number are presented. Profiles of particle mean velocity, particle wall-normal fluctuation velocity and number density are flattened as a result of inter-particle collisions and these results are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Calculated turbulence attenuation by particles agrees well with experimental measurements for small Stokes numbers, but not for large Stokes number particle. The shape and scale of particle concentrations calculated considering inter-particle collision are in good agreement with experimental observations.

Large-eddy simulation of turbulent gas–particle flow in a vertical channel: effect of considering inter-particle collisions

Turbulence modulation in particle-laden flow, especially the influence of vortex shedding, was investigated by means of the direct numerical simulation. To this end, we developed a finite-difference scheme to resolve the flow around each particle moving in turbulence. The method was applied to the flow around a sphere and the accuracy was confirmed up to the Reynolds number range with vortex shedding. The agreement between our 4th-order central finite-difference method and spectral method for turbulent channel flow without particles was also fine. Then, we simulated upward flow in a vertical channel including solid particles. The velocity and vorticity fluctuations as well as Reynolds shear stress were strongly affected by wakes from particles. The shed vortices were elongated in the mainstream direction by the velocity gradient and resulted in the hairpin vortices. They increased the energy production rate in couple with production due to particle-turbulence correlation.

Turbulence Structure of Particle-Laden Flow in a Vertical Plane Channel Due to Vortex Shedding

Interaction between particle clusters and particle-induced turbulence

Finite-difference immersed boundary method consistent with wall conditions for incompressible turbulent flow simulations

An immersed boundary method is improved and applied to 2-D flow fields involving a single stationary/moving object. The present immersed boundary method employs a body force proportional to a solid volume fraction for coupling the solid and fluid motions at the interface. A hyperbolic-tangent function is newly introduced as a surface digitiser for computing the volume fractions at the interface cells, and this improvement is proved to be efficient for problems involving arbitrary shape object. The present method is applied to a uniform flow field around a circular cylinder and an interaction problem of fluid and free-falling object. The computational results are found to agree with the results by the different methods of the present authors and the results reported in the literatures. Also the computation time is considerably cut down compared to the other methods by the series of improvements to the immersed boundary method.

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Takeo Kajishima

Papers

Large-eddy simulation of turbulent gas–particle flow in a vertical channel: effect of considering inter-particle collisions

Turbulence Structure of Particle-Laden Flow in a Vertical Plane Channel Due to Vortex Shedding

Interaction between particle clusters and particle-induced turbulence

Finite-difference immersed boundary method consistent with wall conditions for incompressible turbulent flow simulations

Efficient Immersed Boundary Method for Strong Interaction Problem of Arbitrary Shape Object with the Self-Induced Flow