European Union Risk Assessment Report

Bio-based compounds with unique chemical functionality can be obtained through selective transformations of plant and other non-fossil, biogenic feedstocks for the development of new polymers to displace those produced from fossil carbon feedstocks. Although substantial efforts have been invested to produce bio-based polymers that are chemically identical to and directly replace those from petroleum, a long-pursued goal is to synthesize new, sustainable, bio-based polymers that either functionally replace or exhibit performance advantages relative to incumbent polymers. Owing to anthropogenic climate change and the environmental consequences of global plastics pollution, the need to realize a bio-based materials economy at scale is critical. To that end, in this Review we describe the concept of performance-advantaged, bio-based polymers (PBPs), highlighting examples wherein superior performance is facilitated by the inherent chemical functionality of bio-based feedstocks. We focus on PBPs with C–O and C–N inter-unit chemical bonds, as these are often readily accessible from bio-based feedstocks, which are heteroatom-rich relative to petroleum-derived feedstocks. Finally, we outline guiding principles and challenges to aid progress in the development of PBPs. Bio-based polymers that exhibit superior performance relative to petroleum-based incumbents can encourage industry adoption and offset fossil carbon use. This Review introduces performance-advantaged, bio-based polymers and highlights examples wherein superior performance is facilitated by the inherent chemical functionality of bio-based feedstocks.

Bio-based polymers with performance-advantaged properties

Little is known with regard to the occurrence of potentially toxic chemicals in textiles and clothes. In this study, 77 textiles and infant clothing pieces were analyzed for the determination of bisphenols including bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS), benzophenones, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs). BPA and BPS occurred in 82% and 53% of the textile samples, respectively, and at mean concentrations of 366 and 15 ng/g, respectively. Benzophenone-3 (BP3) occurred in 70% of the samples at a mean concentration of 11.3 ng/g. Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs analyzed, BFDGE was the predominant compound, with a mean concentration of 13.6 ng/g. Concentrations of target chemicals were assessed by fabric type, color, and uses. Socks contained the highest concentrations of BPA (mean: 1810 ng/g) with concentrations as high as 13 300 ng/g in a 97% polyester fabric marketed for infants. Calculated dermal exposure dose to BPA by infants via textiles was as high as 7280 pg/kg BW/d...

Bisphenols, Benzophenones, and Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers in Textiles and Infant Clothing.

Occurrence of bisphenols, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs) in indoor air from Albany, New York, USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure

Estrogenic and androgenic activities of TBBA and TBMEPH, metabolites of novel brominated flame retardants, and selected bisphenols, using the XenoScreen XL YES/YAS assay.

Identification and estrogenic characterization of impurities in commercial bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE).

We measured the estrogen agonist activity of four phenolic chemicals, 3-methyl-4nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenol, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol, 4(methythio)phenol which have been formed by hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds commercialized as insecticides in Japan by using yeast two-hybrid assay system. It was found that both phenolic compounds substituted at 4-position with the methylthiomoiety exhibited human estrogen receptor ƒ¿, hERƒ¿, agonist activity judging from the values of ECx10 and that the activity was about a half or one-third compared with that of BisphenolA(BPA). On the other hand, the others expressed cytotoxicity for the yeast cells rather than the activity. In order to estimate the possibility of incorporation into the yeast cells, the common logarithm of n-octanol/water partition coefficient, logKow, and aqueous solubility, Sw, were used as indexes. In addition, to reveal the relationships between the activity and the molecular structure of the phenolic chemicals, 17ƒÀ-estradiol (E2), and BPA, the atom charge and the dipole moment (ƒÊ) were calculated by using Gaussian R 98W program package in terms of B3LYP and 6-311G basis set, and correlation analysis on the charge distribution among the chemicals was carried out. It was found that the low estrogenic activity was explained on the basis of the low ability of the incorporation into the yeast cells in terms of logKow and Sw, and that there was significant correlation between the estrogenic activity and ƒÊ, in the range from 2 to 3 Debye, rather than the charge distribution at the aromatic ring including hydroxyl group in the

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jec1991/15/4/15_4_855/_pdf

Takeshi Kazama

Papers

Identification and estrogenic characterization of impurities in commercial bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE).

An Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity for 4- (methylthio) phenols on the Basis of Yeast Two Hybrid Assay