자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. 18 items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed Explanation and Elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies.

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The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [STROBE] statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies

Much biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study’s generalizability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. We convened a two-day workshop, in September 2004, with methodologists, researchers and journal editors to draft a checklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE Statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed Explanation and Elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the web sites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE Statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies.

/pdf/the-strengthening-the-reporting-of-observational-studies-in-5fvhasotyl.pdf

The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Purpose – There is a lack of valid and reliable generic measures of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for children under eight. The purpose of this paper is to assess the psychometric properties of the newly formulated Quality of Life Scale for Children (QoL-C), which uses a pictorial response format. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 335 primary school children completed the QoL-C on two occasions, two weeks apart. Children aged four to seven were interviewed one-to-one while children aged eight to nine completed the measure as a class activity. Test-re-test reliability, convergent validity and child-parent concordance were assessed. Findings – Only one child refused to complete the QoL-C, which suggests the measure is user-friendly. Test-re-test reliability was moderate for the measure's total score (intraclass correlation coefficient =0.48, 95 percent CI 0.39, 0.57) but low to fair for individual items (K from 0.13 to 0.37). Internal consistency was moderate (α=0.42 time one, 0.53 time two)....

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The Quality of Life scale for Children (QoL-C)

Approximately one in 10 children is affected by mental health problems at any time (Ford et al. 2003). These high rates of problems emerge across high-income, and increasingly lowand middle-income, countries (Cortina et al. 2008). The range of mental health problems is broad, and varies with developmental changes through infancy, childhood and adolescence. The commoner disorders in childhood and adolescence include conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autistic spectrum disorders, depression and the range of anxiety disorders (Green et al. 2005). The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services emphasized that the mental health of the next generation was ‘everybody’s business’ (Department of Health 2004). This approach is critical as child mental health problems can lead to contact with all the major public services, and particularly health professionals, such as paediatricians (Ford et al. 2007; Marcer et al. 2008). It is therefore essential that all professionals working with children and young people have basic skills in the identification and management of minor difficulties, and knowledge about how to access more specialized services for the children that they are unable to manage themselves. We are therefore delighted to introduce this special issue of Child: care, health and development devoted to mental health. The papers in this special issue span the age range from infancy to adolescence and incorporate many different types of research methodology including a cluster randomized controlled trial, several surveys and the use of focus groups to develop a questionnaire through to a review of parent training as an effective intervention for ADHD among pre-school children (Daley et al. 2009). For those interested in other factors influencing development in the pre-school years, Barnes and her colleagues (Barnes et al. 2009) report a cluster randomized trial of volunteer visiting for vulnerable mothers to try to prevent depression, which is known to be a risk factor for a range of later adverse outcomes, including mental health problems and cognitive and language delay (Goodman & Gotlib 1999; Stein et al. 2008). In theory, vulnerable families might be more willing to accept a volunteer visitor than a professional, although the effectiveness of professional home visiting in improving child outcomes has been demonstrated (Olds et al. 2002). In addition, Hwang and colleagues (2009) examine the influence and possible interaction of biological risk and temperament on pre-school development of babies born at term and pre-term in a small Taiwanese cohort. Two studies examine fear in school age children. Meltzer and colleagues (2009) examine the prevalence of specific fears (rather than phobias) among school-age children in the 2004 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey (Green et al. 2005). To be diagnosed as a phobia, a fear must be out of proportion to the perceived threat and associated with significant impairment (ICD 10, World Health Organization 1993); however, fears below this threshold are common (Ollendick et al. 2002) and, as Meltzer and colleagues argue, can also significantly interfere with daily activities and family life. This highlights the fact that many childhood (and adulthood) mental health difficulties are normally distributed within the population, and thus any cut point between ‘disorder’ and ‘no disorder’ is necessarily somewhat arbitrary. There is growing evidence that risk for dysfunction and for development is not confined to those at the higher end of the psychopathology dimension, particularly in the case of challenging behaviour (Fergusson et al. 2005; Goodman & Goodman 2009). Many societies are intermittently preoccupied with children’s exposure to television and the effects it may have on their health and development. It is something that also concerns many parents, and yet good informative research can be hard to come by. Paavonen and colleagues (2009) report an investigation Child: care, health and development Editorial doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01022.x

Common mental health problems in childhood and adolescence: the broad and varied landscape

The Covid-19 crisis necessitated rapid adoption of remote consultations across National Health Service (NHS) child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). This study aimed to understand practitioners’ experiences of rapid implementation of remote consultations across CAMHS in one NHS trust in the east of England. Data were collected through a brief questionnaire documenting clinicians’ experiences following remote delivery of services. The questionnaire began before ‘lockdown’ and focused on assessment consultations (n = 102) as part of a planned move to virtual assessment. As the roll-out of remote consultations was extended at lockdown, we extended the questionnaire to include all remote clinical contacts (n = 202). Despite high levels of initial concern, clinicians’ reports were positive overall; importantly, however, their experiences varied by team. When restrictions on face-to-face working are lifted, a blended approach of remote and face-to-face service delivery is recommended to optimise access and capacity while retaining effective and safe care.

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Survey of CAMHS clinicians about their experience of remote consultation: brief report

The European Mental Health Action Plan (EMHAP) 2013-2020 promoted community-based mental health services. One potential success indicator is the provision of antidepressant medication to those needing it.Public data from two surveys (Health Survey for England, UK; Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) covered 19 European countries across EMHAP phases one (2011-2015) and two (2015-2018). People screening positive for depressive symptoms by self-report were included. The primary outcome was antidepressant use: using country-specific weighted regression models, we estimated temporal trends and subgroup disparities in antidepressant receipt, with secondary analysis by country-level measures including healthcare expenditure.Across 37,250 participants, after controlling for age, sex, wealth, and physical disability, antidepressant use (amongst those screening positive) increased significantly in 14/19 countries, with the smallest increase being in Slovenia (adjusted OR[AOR] for trend=1.68[1.20-2.36]) and the highest increase being in Germany (AOR for trend=10.07[7.54-13.46]) and Austria (AOR for trend=10.07[7.32-13.74]). The overall proportion using antidepressants was positively associated with national health expenditure (coefficient=5.43[1.62-9.25]), but not with gross national income per capita or the number of psychiatrists, general practitioners, or psychiatric hospital beds. In 15/19 countries, antidepressants were used less by ≥65-year-olds than 50-64-year-olds, with the smallest differential reported in Luxembourg (AOR=0.70[0.49, 0.98]) and the highest in Germany (AOR=0.28[0.21, 0.37]); this disparity widened in 12/15 countries. Men used antidepressants less than women in 8/19 countries, across phases. In 13/19 countries, people with physical disability were more likely to receive antidepressants, with the smallest gap in Italy (AOR=1.42[1.12-1.80]) and the largest in Israel (AOR=2.34[1.46-3.74]); this disparity narrowed in 5/13 countries. Disparity by wealth was found in 8/19 countries, but its temporal trend varied.Usage of antidepressants by those with depressive symptoms has increased, with wide variation between countries and subgroups. Disparities across age, sex, and disability should prompt further research.Medical Research Council (grants MC_PC_17213 and MR/W014386/1), UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) East of England, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014). 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100368

Prevalence, progress, and subgroup disparities in pharmacological antidepressant treatment of those who screen positive for depressive symptoms: A repetitive cross-sectional study in 19 European countries

Tamsin Ford

Papers

The Quality of Life scale for Children (QoL-C)

Common mental health problems in childhood and adolescence: the broad and varied landscape

Survey of CAMHS clinicians about their experience of remote consultation: brief report

Prevalence, progress, and subgroup disparities in pharmacological antidepressant treatment of those who screen positive for depressive symptoms: A repetitive cross-sectional study in 19 European countries

Making the worst of a good job: Induced dampening appraisals blunt happiness and increase sadness in adolescents during pleasant memory recall.