Thermophysical Properties Research Literature Retrieval Guide Edited by Y. S. Touloukian, J. K. Gerritsen and N. Y. Moore Second edition, revised and expanded. Book 1: Pp. xxi + 819. Book 2: Pp.621. Book 3: Pp. ix + 1315. (New York: Plenum Press, 1967.) n.p.

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Heat and Mass Transfer

Camelina uses, genetics, genomics, production, and management

Renewable bio-jet fuel production for aviation: A review

With the growing air transport demand and concerns about its environmental impacts, alternative jet fuels derived from non-conventional sources have become an important strategy for achieving a sustainable and green aviation. In the past 10 years, governments around the world along with aviation industry have invested significant efforts into exploring all sorts of alternative jet fuels that can be used to power aircraft engines. Among all the alternative jet fuels explored, the aviation sector has agreed that hydrocarbon-based ‘drop-in’ replacement fuels, which are fully interchangeable and compatible with current conventional jet fuels, would be the best choice in the near future, as they can be used without any modifications to today׳s aircraft or fuel infrastructure. This paper reviews the current state of development of ‘drop-in’ alternative jet fuels including various Fisher–Tropsch synthetic jet fuels and bio-jet fuels. Recent advances in research activities on alternative jet fuels, including fuel property evaluations, combustor component tests, engine tests, and flight tests, are highlighted. Furthermore, basic research needs for understanding the combustion characteristics of alternative jet fuels are underlined and discussed by reviewing recent fundamental combustion studies on ignition, extinction, flame propagation, emissions, and species evolution of various conventional and alternative jet fuels. Recognizing that the use of ‘simpler’ surrogate fuels to emulate the behavior of ‘complex’ alternative jet fuels is of fundamental and practical importance for the development of physics-based models to enable quantitative emissions and performance predictions using combustion modeling, recent studies on surrogate formulation for alternative jet fuels are also reviewed and discussed. This review concludes with a brief discussion of future research directions.

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Recent development in studies of alternative jet fuel combustion: Progress, challenges, and opportunities

Sustainability is a concept that integrates at least three dimensions: environmental, economic and social. Energy systems are usually evaluated as a key contributor for sustainable development, needing the methodology used for their evaluation to address many indicators, some are quantitative, while others are qualitative. It is therefore a challenge to choose the best methodology to accomplish this task. In this article, a comprehensive literature review has been performed to analyse which tools have been used by the scientific community for the sustainability evaluation of renewable energy systems during the past ten years (2007–2017). The purpose of this work focuses on verifying that the methodological framework integrated by the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) combination is the right tool for the sustainability evaluation of renewable energy systems and obtaining a set of sustainable indicators, evaluation methods and the context where they are applied (such energy policies, electrical supply and evaluation of projects). A knowledge database has been built from the scientific experience of 154 cases of sustainability evaluation in renewable energy systems, with special focus on photovoltaic systems. The results of this revision show that LCA and MCDM applied individually do not achieve a comprehensive sustainability evaluation, due to their intrinsic high degree of uncertainty and the different kinds of analysed parameters. The hybrid framework of LCA and MCDM applied in combination appears as the most appropriate approach for this purpose, and specifically the combination of LCA and Analytic Herarchic Process (AHP), the most frequently used by the scientific community, for its simplicity and robustness for sustainable evaluation in energy systems.

Life Cycle Analysis with Multi-Criteria Decision Making: A review of approaches for the sustainability evaluation of renewable energy technologies

Transient modelling and simulation of gas turbine secondary air system

Motivated by the growing technology of control and data processing as well as the increasingly complex designs of the new generation of gas turbine engines, a fully automatic control strategy that is capable of dealing with different aspects of operational and safety considerations is required to be implemented on gas turbine engines. An advanced practical control mode satisfaction method for the entire operating envelope of gas turbine engines is proposed in this paper to achieve the optimal transient performance for the engine. A constraint management strategy is developed to generate different controller settings for short-range fighters as well as long-range intercontinental aircraft engines at different operating conditions by utilizing a model predictive control approach. Then, the designed controller is tuned and modified with respect to different realistic considerations including the practicality, physical limitations, system dynamics, and computational efforts. The simulation results from a verified two-spool turbofan engine model and controller show that the proposed method is capable of maneuverability and/or fuel economy optimization indices while satisfying all the predefined constraints successfully. Based on the parameters, natural frequencies, and dynamic behavior of the system, a set of optimized weighting factors for different engine parameters is also proposed to achieve the optimal and safe operation for the engine at different flight conditions. The paper demonstrates the effects of the prediction length and control horizon; adding new constraints on the computational effort and the controller performance are also discussed in detail to confirm the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed approach in developing a fully automatic optimized real-time controller for gas turbine engines.

Advanced constraints management strategy for real-time optimization of gas turbine engine transient performance

The growth in air transport and the ambitious targets in emission reductions set by advisory agencies are some of the driving factors behind research towards new fuels for aviation. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) could be both environmentally and economically beneficial. However, its implementation in aviation has technical challenges that needs to be quantified. This paper assesses the application of LNG in civil aviation using an integrated simulation and design framework, including Cranfield University’s aircraft performance tool, Orion, and engine performance simulation tool Turbomatch, integrated with an LNG tank sizing module and an aircraft weight estimation module. Changes in tank design, natural gas composition, airframe changes, and propulsion system performance are assessed. The performance benefits are quantified against a Boeing 737–800 aircraft. Overall, LNG conversion leads to a slightly heavier aircraft in terms of the operating weight empty (OWE) and maximum take-off weight (MTOW). The converted aircraft has a slightly reduced range compared to the conventional aircraft when the maximum payload is considered. Compared to a conventional aircraft, the results indicate that although the energy consumption is increased in the case of LNG, the mission fuel mass is decreased and CO2 emissions are reduced by more than 15%. These benefits come with a significant reduction in fuel cost per passenger, highlighting the potential benefits of adopting LNG for aviation.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/22/5925/pdf

Liquefied natural gas for civil aviation

The development of increasingly more electric systems and ultra high bypass ratio turbofan engines for civil transport aircraft is projected to bring forth critical challenges regarding thermal management. To address these, it is required that the thermal behavior of the complete propulsion-airframe unit is studied in an integrated manner. To this purpose, a simulation framework for performing integrated thermal and performance analyses of the engines, airframe, and airframe systems, is presented. The framework was specifically devised to test novel integrated thermal management solutions for future civil aircraft. In this paper, the discussion focuses mainly on the thermal modeling of the wing and fuel. A highly flexible approach for creating wing thermal models by means of assembling generic thermal compartments is introduced. To demonstrate some of the capabilities, a case study is provided that involves thermal analysis of a single-aisle airplane with ultra high bypass ratio engines. Results are provided for fuel temperatures across flights in standard, hot, and cold days and for different airframe materials. Engine heat sink temperatures and input power to the engine gearboxes, both important parameters needed to design thermal management systems, are also presented.

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Framework for integrated dynamic thermal simulation of future civil transport aircraft

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Theoklis Nikolaidis

Papers

Transient modelling and simulation of gas turbine secondary air system

Advanced constraints management strategy for real-time optimization of gas turbine engine transient performance

Liquefied natural gas for civil aviation

Framework for integrated dynamic thermal simulation of future civil transport aircraft

Prediction and Analysis of Impact of Thermal Barrier Coating Oxidation on Gas Turbine Creep Life