Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation.

1. Discussion Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used. Alkalinity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known. Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewaters. Because the alkalinity of many surface waters is primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide content, it is taken as an indication of the concentration of these constitutents. The measured values also may include contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or other bases if these are present. Alkalinity in excess of alkaline earth metal concentrations is significant in determining the suitability of a water for irrigation. Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L. 1

Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.

What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

https://www.reciis.icict.fiocruz.br/index.php/reciis/article/download/794/1436

Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences

Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.

Membrane Technology and Applications

Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.

Geomicrobiology Text Geomicrobiology Henry Lutz Ehrlich

Microbial transformations of elements in aquatic systems

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1980.25.1.0199

SIEBURTH, J. McN. 1979. Sea microbes. Oxford University Press, New York, x + 491 p. $49.95.

Thecomplexlipids ofThermus aquaticus include phospholipids, glucolipids, carotenoids, andvitamin K2isoprenologues. Thephospholipids accountfor30%of thetotal lipids andhavebeenidentified as phosphatidylethanolamine (4%), phosphatidylglycerol (3%), phosphatidylinositol (10%), cardiolipin (3%), andphosphatidic acid(1%). Themajorphospholipid contained three fatty acids, a long-chain unsaturated amine, andoneglycerol perphosphate andaccounted for80%ofthe lipid phosphate. Thecarotenoids accounted for60%ofthemembrane lipid. The majority ofthecarotenoids were verypolar. Mono-anddiglucosyldiglyceride and the35-, 40-,and45-carbon vitamin K2isoprenologues were alsoidentified. All these lipids were localized inthemembrane ofT.aquaticus. Whenthegrowth temperature was increased from50to75C andmeasured at5C intervals, there was a progressive increase inthetotal lipid content. Thephospholipids increased 2fold, thecarotenoids increased 1.8-fold, andtheglucolipids increased 4-fold betweencells grown at50C and75C.Thevitamin K2level didnotchange. The proportions oftheindividual lipids within eachlipid class remained constant asthe temperature ofgrowth was raised. Metabolic studies indicated turnoverofthe diacyl phospholipids during pulse-chase experiments atratescomparable with mesophilic bacteria. Themajor phospholipid andthecarotenoids didnotturnover. Attempts toexplain thermophily havegenerally beencentered aroundproteins andproteinsynthesizing systems(10). Brock(5)proposed thatthemolecular mechanism ofthermophily is more closely associated withtheinherent thermostability ofthecellular membrane thantothe specific macromolecules. Thistheory issupported bytheworkofBodmanandWelker(4) concerning thestability ofBacillus stearothermophilus protoplasts whenexposed totemperaturesup to65C,andour work(unpublished data) concerning thestability ofThermus aquaticus spheroplasts toincreased temperatures (90 C).Inconsidering thestability ofa membrane, one can either investigate themembrane as a whole or study individual components, like proteins or lipids. Inthisstudy, thelipids ofthe membrane ofT.aquaticus wereexamined. Mostoftheinvestigations on thelipids ofthermophilic bacteria havebeenconcerned withthe fatty acidcomposition. Itwas shownbyShenet al.(20)thatthermophilic bacilli increase the proportions ofbranched-chain fatty acidsand decrease theproportions ofmonoenoic andheptanoic fatty acids asthetemperature ofgrowth is

Effect ofGrowthTemperature on theLipid Composition ofThermus aquaticus

I have discussed in Chapter 3 in a general way the thermophilic blue-green algae. Here I propose to discuss the biology and ecology of those blue-green algae that live around the upper temperature limits. An excellent review on the whole group of thermophilic blue-green algae has been provided by Castenholz (1969a), but a few key concepts have arisen from work done since his review was published. As seen in Table 3.3, when discussing the thermal limit species, only two blue-green algae need be considered, the unicellular Synechococcus, a member of the Chroococ-cales, and the filamentous, heterocystous Mastigocladus (Figure 8.1), a member of the Nostocales. Although the genus Synechococcus covers a variety of unicellular forms, the thermal limit species is S. lividus, an elongate rod, rather narrow in diameter (Figure 8.2). Synechococcus is present at higher temperatures than Mastigocladus (70–72°C as opposed to 60–64°C), and is the thermal limit species in Western United States and Japan (Molisch, 1926), but seems to be absent from New Zealand (Brock and Brock, 1971) and Iceland (Castenholz, 1969b), where the thermal limit species is Mastigocladus. Mastigocladus is the most cosmopolitan thermophilic blue-green alga, being found in thermal areas in every continent and in both hemispheres (Castenholz, 1969a).

Thomas D. Brock

Papers

Geomicrobiology Text Geomicrobiology Henry Lutz Ehrlich

Microbial transformations of elements in aquatic systems

SIEBURTH, J. McN. 1979. Sea microbes. Oxford University Press, New York, x + 491 p. $49.95.

Effect ofGrowthTemperature on theLipid Composition ofThermus aquaticus

The Thermophilic Blue-green Algae