Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation.

1. Discussion Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used. Alkalinity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known. Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewaters. Because the alkalinity of many surface waters is primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide content, it is taken as an indication of the concentration of these constitutents. The measured values also may include contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or other bases if these are present. Alkalinity in excess of alkaline earth metal concentrations is significant in determining the suitability of a water for irrigation. Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L. 1

Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.

What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

https://www.reciis.icict.fiocruz.br/index.php/reciis/article/download/794/1436

Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences

Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.

Membrane Technology and Applications

Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.

Protein synthesis at high temperatures: aminoacylation of tRNA.

The filaments of Leucothrix mucor are able to form true knots under certain cultural conditions. Such structures have apparently not been previously seen in filamentous organisms. As the culture ages, the knots become tighter and eventually the cells in the knot region fuse and form a large bulb. The filament breaks on each side of the bulb, and two shorter filaments anda free bulb are produced. The free bulbs have not been observed to grow into new filaments.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/144/3620/870.full.pdf

Knots in leucothrix mucor.

A recent survey of microbial ecology (Brock, 1966) has prompted me to consider the ecosystem concept as it relates to the microbial world. Because of the simplicity of strictly microbial ecosystems, the ecosystem concept becomes reduced to its basic essentials, and certain peripheral elements which may confuse a precise analysis are eliminated. The thesis of the present note is that since the ecosystem concept is used mainly as an aid in studying thermodynamic relationships and biogeochemical cycles in nature, an ecosystem should be described as an open system in steady state. As discussed by Eyring et al. (1960), thermodynamics can be applied to open systems only if they are in a steady state. Such a state is a time-independent condition in which production and consumption of each element of the system are exactly balanced, the concentrations of all elements within the system remaining constant, even though there is continual change. A good example of a steady state is an adult human: the body remains more or less constant in the quantity and quality of its elements from puberty to death, even though many cells and tissues of the body are turning over continuously. Food enters, wastes leave, yet everything stays the same. On first thought it might be felt that no ecological system would exhibit steady state conditions. Yet it must be remembered that an important item is the time constant of the system. Although fluctuations in amounts of various elements may occur over a short period of time (as they do in the human body in relation to eating and excretion), if our view of the system covers a long enough period we can ignore these fluctuations and concentrate on

The Ecosystem and the Steady State

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/0014-5793%2879%2980449-4

Biological energy production in the apparent absence of electron transport and substrate level phosphorylation

Summary: Electron microscopic studies of several strains of Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a new genus of filamentous photosynthetic bacteria containing bacteriochlorophylls a and c, demonstrated that all strains contained vesicular structures very similar to the ‘chlorobium vesicles’ of the green bacteria when grown under anaerobic conditions in the light. The dimensions of these structures varied from strain to strain; they were 90 to 150 nm long and 25 to 70 nm wide. Photoautotrophically-grown C. aurantiacus as well as photoheterotrophically-grown organisms contained photosynthetic vesicles, while heterotrophically, dark-grown organisms contained no bacteriochlorophyll and no distinguishable ‘chlorobium vesicles’. Filament diameter and length varied from strain to strain, although all strains examined were regularly septate.

/pdf/chlorobium-type-vesicles-of-photosynthetically-grown-4lc3hsmcbh.pdf

Thomas D. Brock

Papers

Protein synthesis at high temperatures: aminoacylation of tRNA.

Knots in leucothrix mucor.

The Ecosystem and the Steady State

Biological energy production in the apparent absence of electron transport and substrate level phosphorylation

‘Chlorobium-type’ Vesicles of Photosynthetically-grown Chloroflexus aurantiacus Observed Using Negative Staining Techniques