Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation.

1. Discussion Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used. Alkalinity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample is known. Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewaters. Because the alkalinity of many surface waters is primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide content, it is taken as an indication of the concentration of these constitutents. The measured values also may include contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or other bases if these are present. Alkalinity in excess of alkaline earth metal concentrations is significant in determining the suitability of a water for irrigation. Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation and control of water and wastewater treatment processes. Raw domestic wastewater has an alkalinity less than, or only slightly greater than, that of the water supply. Properly operating anaerobic digesters typically have supernatant alkalinities in the range of 2000 to 4000 mg calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/L. 1

Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.

What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

https://www.reciis.icict.fiocruz.br/index.php/reciis/article/download/794/1436

Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences

Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.

Membrane Technology and Applications

Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.

Optimal temperatures for photosynthesis and growth were determined for thermal bluegreen algae inhabiting the drainway of a small geyser in Yellowstone National Park. The sparse algal mat was exposed to high temperatures only during the brief, highly periodic eruptions of the geyser. Optimal temperatures for the algae were higher than the mean environmental temperatures; as a consequence the algae experienced temperatures optimal for photosynthesis and growth only during a small fraction of the time. A heat-treatment experiment indicated that the algae of this mat were resistant to the high temperatures that occurred during eruption, whereas organisms having the same optimal temperatures but inhabiting a thermally constant environment were more heat sensitive. The thermally fluctuating environment appears to limit the extent of algal growth.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1971.16.4.0640

Effect of wide temperature fluctuation on the blue-green algae of bead geyser, yellowstone national park

Stromatolites are important types of geological structures, found primarily in the Precambrian Era, but present to lesser extent throughout the rest of earth history up until the present. Stromatolites are important geologically because they provide a useful fossil record of the Precambrian, and because many mineralized deposits are found within or associated with them. A number of definitions of “stromatolite” have been used, but a recent definition (Walter, 1976) attributable originally to Stanley Awramik and Lynn Margulis (Stromatolite Newsletter, February 1974, p. 5) follows: “Stromatolites are megascopic organosedimentary structures produced by sediment trapping, binding, and/or precipitation as a result of growth and metabolic activity of organisms, primarily blue-green algae.”

Stromatolites: Yellowstone Analogues

A degraded oak savanna in southwestern Wisconsin is being restored using intensive cutting of undesirable shrubsbuckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.)-and selective removal of trees that are crowding the open-grown bur (Quercus macrocar/Ja) and white (Q. alba) oaks. Land use records and historic aerial photographs have been used to guide the restoration process. Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), black walnut Uuglans nigra), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and black oak (Q. velutina) are being removed by cutting and burning or by converting to lumber or firewood. Hundreds of aspen (Po/Julus tremuloides and P. grandentata! have been killed by girdling with subsequent cutting and burning. Management involves controlled burns and extensive weed control. Removal of invasive shrubs and trees has exposed the ground layer to higher light intensities and stimulated the growth of savanna forbs and grasses. A number of typical herbaceous savanna species have reappeared after clearing or have been successfully introduced from local sources. However, control of brambles (Rubus spp.) and regrowth of buckthorn and honeysuckle remain principal problems. One savanna species endangered in Wisconsinpurple milkweed (AsclelJias purpurascens }-was first seen in the savanna after a single controlled burn, and appears to be spreading. The redheaded woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), a typical savanna bird, was first seen after shrub and canopy clearing in the savanna. Tree removal is a slow and expensive operation, and strategies for preventing damage to the groundlayer during tree removal had to be devised. About 70 acres (Z8 hectares) of savanna have been restored during nine years.

/pdf/oak-savanna-restoration-a-case-study-4fx9unpn71.pdf

Oak Savanna Restoration: A Case Study

ENDOTROPHIC sporulation occurs when an organism, forms spores in a medium lacking substances necessary for growth. It was of interest to determine whether a group of growth-inhibitory substances also inhibited sporulation.

/pdf/inhibition-of-endotrophic-sporulation-by-antibiotics-31k798p507.pdf

Inhibition of endotrophic sporulation by antibiotics.

THE expression of the same genes can be studied in both haploid and diploid cells of certain yeasts. If the genes control primarily haploid mating type traits, then it is interesting to know whether these genes are expressed in the diploid which does not mate. In the agglutinative yeast, Hansenula wingei, the two haploid mating types (strains 5 and 21) produce cell surface glycoproteins which are complementary and which are responsible for the strong adhesion between cells during sexual agglutination1–3. The diploid hybrid, however, is completely non-agglutinative. This lack of agglutination in the diploid could be the result of a mutual repression of the synthesis of both complementary agglutination factors, or synthesis followed by mutual neutralization or inactivation of these glycoproteins. We have evidence that the genes controlling the haploid agglutination types are mutually repressed in the diploid.

Thomas D. Brock

Papers

Effect of wide temperature fluctuation on the blue-green algae of bead geyser, yellowstone national park

Stromatolites: Yellowstone Analogues

Oak Savanna Restoration: A Case Study

Inhibition of endotrophic sporulation by antibiotics.

Mutual repression of haploid genes in diploid yeast.