抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

An idea based on honey bee swarm for numerical optimization

The author systematically examines one of the important issues of information — establishing the market price. He introduces the concept of «search» — where a buyer wanting to get a better price, is forced to question sellers. The article deals with various aspects of finding the necessary information.

Economics of Information

PART I INTRODUCTION 1 The Issues 11 The Evolution of Biological Organization 12 The Honey Bee Colony as a Unit of Function 13 Analytic Scheme 2 The Honey Bee Colony 21 Worker Anatomy and Physiology 22 Worker Life History 23 Nest Architecture 24 The Annual Cycle of a Colony 25 Communication about Food Sources 26 Food Collection and Honey Production 3 The Foraging Abilities of a Colony 31 Exploiting Food Sources over a Vast Region around the Hive 32 Surveying the Countryside for Rich Food Sources 33 Responding Quickly to Valuable Discoveries 34 Choosing among Food Sources 35 Adjusting Selectivity in Relation to Forage Abundance 36 Regulating Comb Construction 37 Regulating Pollen Collection 38 Regulating Water Collection Summary PART II EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 4 Methods and Equipment 41 The Observation Hive 42 The Hut for the Observation Hive 43 The Bees 44 Sugar Water Feeders 45 Labeling Bees 46 Measuring the Total Number of Bees Visiting a Feeder 47 Observing Bees of Known Age 48 Recording the Behavior of Bees in the Hive 49 The Scale Hive 410 Censusing a Colony 5 Allocation of Labor among Forage Sites How a Colony Acquires Information about Food Sources 51 Which Bees Gather the Information? 52 Which Information Is Shared? 53 Where Information Is Shared inside the Hive 54 The Coding of Information about Profitability 55 The Bees' Criterion of Profitability 56 The Relationship between Nectar-Source 57 The Adaptive Tuning of Dance Thresholds 58 How a Forager Determines the Profitability of a Nectar Source Summary How a Colony Acts on Information about Food Sources 59 Employed Foragers versus Unemployed Foragers 510 How Unemployed Foragers Read the Information on the Dance Floor? 511

The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies

The adaptive origins of the honeybee's age polyethism schedule were studied by testing whether the schedule for labor inside the nest reflects a compromise between efficiency in locating tasks and efficiency in performing tasks. I checked two predictions of this hypothesis: (1) at each age a worker handles a set of tasks (rather than one task), and (2) the elements of each age's task-set co-occur spatially in the nest (rather than being spatially segregated). Most observations match these predictions, once workers reach the age of 2 days. The unpredicted specialization of 0 to 2-day-old workers on the single task of cell cleaning may reflect an unusual ease in locating work sites for this particular task. There are 5 female castes in honeybee colonies: the queen (reproductive caste), plus 4 age subcastes among the workers (cell cleaning caste, broodnest caste, food storage caste, and forager caste).

Adaptive significance of the age polyethism schedule in honeybee colonies

To understand the foraging strategy of honeybee colonies, we measured certain tem- poral and spatial patterns in the foraging activities of a colony living in a temperate deciduous forest. We monitored foraging activities by housing the colony in an observation hive and reading its re- cruitment dances to map its food source patches. We found that the colony routinely foraged several kilometres from its nest (median 1.7 km, 95% of foraging within 6.0 km), frequently (at least daily) adjusted its distribution of foragers on its patches, and worked relatively few patches each day (mean of 9.7 patches accounted for 90% of each day's forage). These foraging patterns, together with prior studies on the mechanisms of honeybee recruitment communication, indicate that the foraging strategy of a honeybee colony involves surveying the food source patches within a vast area around its nest, pooling the reconnaissance of its many foragers, and using this information to focus its forager force on a few high-quality patches within its foraging area.

Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest

A honey bee colony can skillfully choose among nectar sources. It will selectively exploit the most profitable source in an array and will rapidly shift its foraging efforts following changes in the array. How does this colony-level ability emerge from the behavior of individual bees? The answer lies in understanding how bees modulate their colony's rates of recruitment and abandonment for nectar sources in accordance with the profitability of each source. A forager modulates its behavior in relation to nectar source profitability: as profitability increases, the tempo of foraging increases, the intensity of dancing increases, and the probability of abandoning the source decreases. How does a forager assess the profitability of its nectar source? Bees accomplish this without making comparisons among nectar sources. Neither do the foragers compare different nectar sources to determine the relative profitability of any one source, nor do the food storers compare different nectar loads and indicate the relative profitability of each load to the foragers. Instead, each forager knows only about its particular nectar source and independently calculates the absolute profitability of its source. Even though each of a colony's foragers operates with extremely limited information about the colony's food sources, together they will generate a coherent colonylevel response to different food sources in which better ones are heavily exploited and poorer ones are abandoned. This is shown by a computer simulation of nectar-source selection by a colony in which foragers behave as described above. Nectar-source selection by honey bee colonies is a process of natural selection among alternative nectar sources as foragers from more profitable sources “survive” (continue visiting their source) longer and “reproduce” (recruit other foragers) better than do foragers from less profitable sources. Hence this colonial decision-making is based on decentralized control. We suggest that honey bee colonies possess decentralized decision-making because it combines effectiveness with simplicity of communication and computation within a colony.

/pdf/collective-decision-making-in-honey-bees-how-colonies-choose-2g6tgblauz.pdf

Collective decision-making in honey bees: how colonies choose among nectar sources

The book presents honeybees as a model system for investigating advanced social life among insects from an evolutionary perspective.Originally published in 1985.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Thomas D. Seeley

Papers

The wisdom of the hive: the social physiology of honey bee colonies

Adaptive significance of the age polyethism schedule in honeybee colonies

Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest

Collective decision-making in honey bees: how colonies choose among nectar sources

Honeybee Ecology: A Study of Adaption in Social Life