Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

Evolution of Protein Molecules

A tool changer is disclosed for automatically removing a working tool after having been used from the spindle of a machine tool such as a vertical milling machine, transferring the used working tool to a rack which stores a plurality of working tools, picking up from the rack another working tool for the next machining operation, transferring such new working tool to the spindle, and operatively mounting such new working tool on the spindle.

Temperature and Organism Size—A Biological Law for Ectotherms?

The rapid expansion of human activities threatens ocean-wide biodiversity. Numerous marine animal populations have declined, yet it remains unclear whether these trends are symptomatic of a chronic accumulation of global marine extinction risk. We present the first systematic analysis of threat for a globally distributed lineage of 1,041 chondrichthyan fishes—sharks, rays, and chimaeras. We estimate that one-quarter are threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria due to overfishing (targeted and incidental). Large-bodied, shallow-water species are at greatest risk and five out of the seven most threatened families are rays. Overall chondrichthyan extinction risk is substantially higher than for most other vertebrates, and only one-third of species are considered safe. Population depletion has occurred throughout the world's ice-free waters, but is particularly prevalent in the Indo-Pacific Biodiversity Triangle and Mediterranean Sea. Improved management of fisheries and trade is urgently needed to avoid extinctions and promote population recovery.

/pdf/extinction-risk-and-conservation-of-the-world-s-sharks-and-8xn9ghsnr6.pdf

Extinction risk and conservation of the world's sharks and rays

Understanding the mechanisms controlling recruitment in fishes is a major problem in fisheries science. Although the literature on recruitment mechanisms is large and growing rapidly, it is primari...

/pdf/larval-size-and-recruitment-mechanisms-in-fishes-toward-a-3ujreqm5jo.pdf

Larval Size and Recruitment Mechanisms in Fishes: Toward a Conceptual Framework

Published life-history parameters for sharks, skates, and rays over a wide geographic range were used to develop predictive models to estimate parameters that are difficult to measure or have not b...

http://msrc.sunysb.edu/~frisk/frisk et al., 2001.pdf

Estimation and analysis of biological parameters in elasmobranch fishes: a comparative life history study

Recent theoretical work suggests that small-scale turbulence enhances encounter rates between larval fish and their prey. This finding has been extended to suggest that feeding rates will increase in turbulent environments. However, this extrapolation assumes that turbulence has no detrimental effects on postencounter behaviors (e.g. pursuit success). We develop an analytical model to estimate the probability that larval fish feeding in turbulent environments successfully pursue encountered prey. We show that the overall probability of feeding is a dome-shaped function of turbulent velocity and that the height and location of the maxima depend on turbulence level and the behavioral characteristics of predator and prey. Highly turbulent conditions (e.g. storms) will reduce feeding rates below those which occur during calmer conditions and will affect the type of prey captured and ingested.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1994.39.8.1790

Evidence for a dome-shaped relationship between turbulence and larval fish ingestion rates

We used an individual-based Monte Carlo simulation model to explore how changes in the mean and variance of growth rates of individuals in a larval fish cohort interact with size-dependent predatio...

/pdf/growth-rate-variation-and-larval-survival-inferences-from-an-mfxoxrnzkg.pdf

Growth Rate Variation and Larval Survival: Inferences from an Individual-Based Size-Dependent Predation Model

Annual publications involving the application of coupled physical-biological models for understanding fish recruitment processes have increased over the last decade. Sixty-nine papers were reviewed to assess the contribution these models have made to recruitment prediction and understanding. The majority of models reviewed were 2- and 3-dimensional numerical simulation models, although a limited number of 1-dimensional analytical models were included. Most models used a Lagrangian tracking algorithm to advect and diffuse particles within the model domain. The vertical and horizontal resolutions and temporal durations of the models varied widely. This review identified 3 categories of papers: explanatory, inferential and hypothesis generating. Reviewed papers were dominated by explanatory approaches. Assessment of the sensitivity of model predic- tions to the model parameters were rare, but not entirely absent in this group of papers. Inferential approaches were the next most common, and sought to infer the presence or role of a particular mechanism. Hypothesis-generating publications were the rarest, but perhaps have the most to con- tribute to a greater understanding of recruitment processes. An increase in the frequency of hypothe- sis-generating applications of coupled physical-biological models may be expected over time as the field matures and refinements to both the physical and biological processes included in the models are made.

/pdf/contribution-of-individual-based-coupled-physical-biological-ulowv1r9c6.pdf

Thomas J. Miller

Papers

Larval Size and Recruitment Mechanisms in Fishes: Toward a Conceptual Framework

Estimation and analysis of biological parameters in elasmobranch fishes: a comparative life history study

Evidence for a dome-shaped relationship between turbulence and larval fish ingestion rates

Growth Rate Variation and Larval Survival: Inferences from an Individual-Based Size-Dependent Predation Model

Contribution of individual-based coupled physical-biological models to understanding recruitment in marine fish populations