Many recent discussions of the decline of party are predicated on the assumption that the Duverger/socialist mass-party model is the only model for parties. We contend that this assumption is misco...

Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy The Emergence of the Cartel Party

The Political Consciousness of Post-Industrialism@@@The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics.

Part I. Introduction: 1. Do rules matter? 2. Classifying electoral systems 3. Evaluating electoral systems Part II. The Consequences for Voting Behavior: 4. Party systems 5. Social cleavages 6. Party loyalties 7. Turnout Part III. The Consequences for Political Representation: 8. Women 9. Ethnic minorities 10. Constituency service Part IV. Conclusions: 11. The impact of electoral engineering.

Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior

This article offers an overview of levels of party membership in European democ- racies at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century and looks also at changes in these levels over time, comparing party membership today with figures from both 1980 and the late 1990s. While relying primarily on the direct and individual membership figures as reported by the parties themselves, the fit of the data with survey data is explored and it is concluded that the two perform well in terms of convergent validity.The differences between large and small democracies are examined, as well as old and new democracies, and it is found that levels of party membership are related to both the size and age of the democratic polity in question. Finally, the implications of the patterns observed in the membership data are discussed, and it is suggested that membership has now reached such a low ebb that it may no longer constitute a relevant indicator of party organisational capacity. This article offers an overview and initial analysis of the levels of party mem- bership in European democracies at the end of the first decade of the twenty- first century, and discusses the implications of changes in party membership for our understanding of models of party organisation. The first two sections provide a broad comparison of the data on party membership in European democracies and analyse changes in membership over time, comparing con- temporary levels with those from both 1980 and the late 1990s, and exploring variations in national patterns. In the third section, we discuss some of the implications of the patterns that we observe in the membership data and suggest that membership has now reached such a low ebb that it may no longer constitute a relevant indicator of party organisational capacity. Alternatively, if membership continues to be regarded as offering a meaningful gauge of party organisational strength, we might then conclude that party organisations have reached such a low ebb that the formal organisational level is itself no longer a relevant indicator of party capacity. In presenting an overview of the levels of party membership in European democracies at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, our 24

Going, Going, ...Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe

With the recent acceleration of the integration process of the European Union there has been a rise in political parties expressing either scepticism or outright criticism of the nature of the integration process. Using a four-fold differentiation between single issue, protest, established parties and factions within parties, the first part of the article presents an overview of Euroscepticism within EU member states and Norway. This reveals the diversity of sources of Euroscepticism both in ideology and in the types of parties that are Eurosceptical but with a preponderance of protest parties taking Eurosceptical positions. The second part of the article is an attempt to map Euroscepticism in West European party systems through a consideration of ideology and party position in the party system. The conclusions are that Euroscepticism is mainly limited to parties on the periphery of their party system and is often there used as an issue that differentiates those parties from the more established parties which are only likely to express Euroscepticism through factions. Party based Euroscepticism is therefore both largely dependent on domestic contextual factors and a useful issue to map emergent domestic political constellations.

A touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary Western European party systems

The Presidentialization of Politics

1. The Presidentialization of Politics in Democratic Societies: A Framework for Analysis The Presidentialization of Democracy in Democratic Societies 2. The British Prime Minister: Much More Than 'First Among Equals' 3. A Presidentializing Party State? The Federal Republic of Germany 4. Presidentialization, Italian Style 5. The Presidentialization of Spanish Democracy: Sources of Prime Ministerial Power in Post-Franco Spain 6. The Low Countries: From 'Prime Minister' to President-Minister 7. Denmark: Presidentialization in a Consensual Democracy 8. 'President Persson' How Did Sweden Get Him? 9. Canada: Executive Dominance and Presidentialization 10. Dyarchic Presidentialization in a Presidentialized Polity: The French Fifth Republic 11. Finland: Let the Force Be with the Leader. But Who Is the Leader? 12. The Presidentialization of Portuguese Democracy? 13. The Failure of Presidential Parliamentarism: Constitutional versus Structural Presidentialization in Israel's Parliamentary Democracy 14. The Semi-Sovereign American Prince: The Dilemma of an Independent President in a Presidential Government 15. The Presidentialization of Contemporary Democratic Politics: Evidence, Causes, and Consequences Index

The presidentialization of politics : a comparative study of modern democracies

The membership of political parties in European democracies, 1960-1990

In one of his last publications, Peter Mair documented how party membership had declined substantially in virtually all European democracies. As his collaborators on this piece, it seems pertinent ...

Thomas Poguntke

Papers

Going, Going, ...Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe

The Presidentialization of Politics

The presidentialization of politics : a comparative study of modern democracies

The membership of political parties in European democracies, 1960-1990

The decline of membership-based politics