Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are fundamentally different from two-component reactions in several aspects. Among the MCRs, those with isocyanides have developed into popular organic-chemical reactions in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of compound libraries of low-molecular druglike compounds. With a small set of starting materials, very large libraries can be built up within a short time, which can then be used for research on medicinal substances. Due to the intensive research of the last few years, many new backbone types have become accessible. MCRs are also increasingly being employed in the total synthesis of natural products. MCRs and especially MCRs with isocyanides offer many opportunities to attain new reactions and basic structures. However, this requires that the chemist learns the “language” of MCRs, something that this review wishes to stimulate.

Multicomponent Reactions with Isocyanides.

This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Targeted Disruption of the Nuclear Receptor FXR/BAR Impairs Bile Acid and Lipid Homeostasis

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions involve the preparation of chiral compounds by the reaction of three or more reagents added simultaneously. This kind of addition and reaction has some advantages over classic divergent reaction strategies, such as lower costs, time, and energy, as well as environmentally friendlier aspects. All these advantages, together with the high level of stereoselectivity attained in some of these reactions, will force chemists in industry as in academia to adopt this new strategy of synthesis, or at least to consider it as a viable option. The positive aspects as well as the drawbacks of this strategy are discussed in this Review.

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions (amcrs): the new frontier

机构投资者作为证券市场中的重要力量,越来越受到理论界和实务界的关注。论文对宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院会计学教授布赖恩-布希（Brian Bushee）的论文＂The influence of institutional investors on myopic R＆D investment behavior＂（机构投资者对企业短视研发投资行为的影响,以下简称Bushee（1998））进行评价并提出相关的建议和研究方向。

《The influence of institutional investors on myopic R＆D investment behavior》述评

Multi‐component reactions (MCR). VIII. Synthesis of Aziridine Compounds via Ugi‐Reaction

Prior literature shows that mandatory gender quotas are detrimental to firm value. However, little is known about causal e ects of voluntarily appointed women. A large board dataset covering 53 countries and about 500,000 people enables us to identify exogenous retirements of board members due to death or illness. Long and short-run event studies yield evidence for a positive valuation e ect of women. This is confirmed in panel regressions for the entire dataset. This positive impact is not driven by women per se, but a glass ceiling e ect due to more rigorous selection. Thus, firms can benefit from a corporate culture that fosters the promotion of women.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2596591_code1751336.pdf?abstractid=2344786&mirid=4

Women on Corporate Boards: Good or Bad? I

Purpose Proton minibeam radiation therapy, a spatial fractionation concept, widens the therapeutic window. By reducing normal tissue toxicities, it allows a temporally fractionated regime with high daily doses. However, an array shift between daily fractions can affect the tissue-sparing effect by decreasing the total peak-to-valley dose ratio. Therefore, combining temporal fractions with spatial fractionation raises questions about the impact of daily applied dose modulations, reirradiation accuracies, and total dose modulations. Methods and Materials Healthy mouse ear pinnae were irradiated with 4 daily fractions of 30 Gy mean dose, applying proton pencil minibeams (pMB) of Gaussian σ = 222 μm in 3 different schemes: a 16 pMB array with a center-to-center distance of 1.8 mm irradiated the same position in all sessions (FS1) or was shifted by 0.9 mm to never hit the previously irradiated tissue in each session (FS2), or a 64 pMB array with a center-to-center distance of 0.9 mm irradiated the same position in all sessions (FS3), resulting in the same total dose distribution as FS2. Reirradiation positioning and its accuracy were obtained from image guidance using the unique vessel structure of ears. Acute toxicities (swelling, erythema, and desquamation) were evaluated for 153 days after the first fraction. Late toxicities (fibrous tissue, inflammation) were analyzed on day 153. Results Reirradiation of highly dose-modulated arrays at a positioning accuracy of 110 ± 52 μm induced the least severe acute and late toxicities. A shift of the same array in FS2 led to significantly inducted acute toxicities, a higher otitis score, and a slight increase in fibrous tissue. FS3 led to the strongest increase in acute and late toxicities. Conclusions The highest normal-tissue sparing is achieved after accurate reirradiation of a highly dose modulated pMB array, although high positioning accuracies are challenging in a clinical environment. Nevertheless, the same integral dose applied in highly dose-modulated fractions is superior to low daily dose-modulated fractions.

Normal Tissue Response of Combined Temporal and Spatial Fractionation in Proton Minibeam Radiation Therapy.

This paper analyzes how the predominant example of a controlling shareholder, i.e., the firms’ founders and their families, influence payout policy. Using a panel dataset of 660 listed firms in the 1995 to 2006 period from Germany, we find that family firms exhibit a higher propensity and level for dividend payouts. Further tests indicate that this result is driven (i) by family ownership, not management and (ii) restricted to later-generation family firms. These findings are consistent with the view that the desire of families for a steady income stream without losing control shapes payout decisions in family firms.

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Corporate Governance and Payout Policy: Do Founding Families Have a Special 'Taste for Dividends'?

We examine whether soft regulation with standardized reporting following the comply-or-explain principle dominates hard regulation of corporate governance practices. Using the example of the German Corporate Governance Code we study (i) whether firms benefit from code compliance and (ii) which firms voluntarily comply with the code. Analyzing a novel, hand-collected panel dataset, we find that while widely-held firms benefit from high compliance, high levels of compliance jeopardize firm performance in dominated firms. In a second step, we show that firm-specific agency costs increase the compliance level, indicating that managers voluntarily use code compliance as a substitute for other governance devices.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1966587_code346442.pdf?abstractid=1930847&mirid=1&type=2

Thomas Schmid

Papers

Multi‐component reactions (MCR). VIII. Synthesis of Aziridine Compounds via Ugi‐Reaction

Women on Corporate Boards: Good or Bad? I

Normal Tissue Response of Combined Temporal and Spatial Fractionation in Proton Minibeam Radiation Therapy.

Corporate Governance and Payout Policy: Do Founding Families Have a Special 'Taste for Dividends'?

Hard or Soft Regulation of Corporate Governance