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Using Multivariate Statistics

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

This article presents an introduction to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM states that the perception of a personal health behavior threat is influenced by at least three factors: general health values, interest and concern about health; specific beliefs about vulnerability to a particular health threat; and beliefs about the consequences of the health problem. Once an individual perceives a threat to his health and is simultaneously cued to action, if his perceived benefits outweighs his perceived costs, then the individual is most likely to undertake the recommended preventive health action. Key words: health promotion, health belief model, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy. Content available only in Romanian.

Health Belief Model

Although player enjoyment is central to computer games, there is currently no accepted model of player enjoyment in games. There are many heuristics in the literature, based on elements such as the game interface, mechanics, gameplay, and narrative. However, there is a need to integrate these heuristics into a validated model that can be used to design, evaluate, and understand enjoyment in games. We have drawn together the various heuristics into a concise model of enjoyment in games that is structured by flow. Flow, a widely accepted model of enjoyment, includes eight elements that, we found, encompass the various heuristics from the literature. Our new model, GameFlow, consists of eight elements -- concentration, challenge, skills, control, clear goals, feedback, immersion, and social interaction. Each element includes a set of criteria for achieving enjoyment in games. An initial investigation and validation of the GameFlow model was carried out by conducting expert reviews of two real-time strategy games, one high-rating and one low-rating, using the GameFlow criteria. The result was a deeper understanding of enjoyment in real-time strategy games and the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the GameFlow model as an evaluation tool. The GameFlow criteria were able to successfully distinguish between the high-rated and low-rated games and identify why one succeeded and the other failed. We concluded that the GameFlow model can be used in its current form to review games; further work will provide tools for designing and evaluating enjoyment in games.

/pdf/gameflow-a-model-for-evaluating-player-enjoyment-in-games-4f7xfog0ca.pdf

GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games

"Gamification" is an informal umbrella term for the use of video game elements in non-gaming systems to improve user experience (UX) and user engagement. The recent introduction of 'gamified' applications to large audiences promises new additions to the existing rich and diverse research on the heuristics, design patterns and dynamics of games and the positive UX they provide. However, what is lacking for a next step forward is the integration of this precise diversity of research endeavors. Therefore, this workshop brings together practitioners and researchers to develop a shared understanding of existing approaches and findings around the gamification of information systems, and identify key synergies, opportunities, and questions for future research.

http://gamification-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/01-Deterding-Sicart-Nacke-OHara-Dixon.pdf

Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts

A series of experiments (N = 168) was conducted to test the capacity of Secondary Task Reaction Times (STRT) for Presence measurement. Based on recent theories, possible connections between reaction times and Presence were examined in users of a hypertext, a film, and a virtual environment that used the same visual materials. A Presence questionnaire was employed as comparative measure. Findings indicate rather unsystematic and weak convergence between STRT and subjective measures of Presence or underlying processes. A modified STRT paradigm for Presence research is suggested.

The value of reaction-time measures for presence research: Empirical findings and future perspectives

The aim of this chapter is to provide a framework which structures different aspects that might positively and negatively influence the sensations nonliving sexual partners might evoke in order to guide future empirical research in the investigation of sexual responses toward machines For this purpose, influential concepts from media psychology, human–machine interaction, and sexual science are explained and transferred to interactions with sex robots This theoretical foundation is then used to develop the sexual interaction illusion model, which aims to conceptualize factors that are shaping users’ psychological immersion in sexual interaction with technology-based sex partners More specifically, the model focuses on understanding users’ subjective (illusionary) experience that the interaction with an artificial partner feels like a sexual interaction with an existing, living social being

Negative and Positive Influences on the Sensations Evoked by Artificial Sex Partners: A Review of Relevant Theories, Recent Findings, and Introduction of the Sexual Interaction Illusion Model

Mit »Virtuellen Medienumgebungen« oder »Virtual Reality« hat die technische Medienentwicklung einen neuen Hohepunkt in der Beanspruchung von Sinneskanalen und Wahrnehmungskapazitaten des Publikums erreicht. Entsprechend kursieren Annahmen uber besonders starke Wirkungspotenziale dieser Medien. Ausgehend von einer theoretischen Modellierung aus der Prasenzforschung versucht die vorliegende Studie, die potenzielle Wirkungsmacht als »Uberwaltigung« der Nutzer/innen zu rekonstruieren, die verschiedene Stufen (u. a. Aufmerksamkeitslenkung, unkritische Rezeptionshaltung/ Suspension of Disbelief und Prasenzerleben) erreichen kann. Anschliesend testet ein Experiment (N = 85) den Einfluss zentraler Charakteristika virtueller Medienumgebungen (sensorische Vereinnahmung und Interaktivitat) auf die Stufen von »Uberwaltigung« am Beispiel eines virtuellen Museums. Dabei werden sowohl Self-Report-Daten als auch ein apparatives Verfahren (Secondary-Task-Reaction-Times) verwendet, um »Uberwaltigung« zu operationalisieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Annahme allgemein starker »Uberwaltigungspotenziale« virtueller Medien im Sinne von Person-x-Situation-Modellen spezifiziert werden muss, weil Personenvariablen ebenfalls Einflusse auf das »Uberwaltigtwerden« aufweisen.

Macht der Neuen Medien? "Überwältigung" und kritische Rezeptionshaltung in virtuellen Medienumgebungen

This unique volume brings together state-of-the-art research showing the value of emotions that many believe to be undesirable. Leading investigators explore the functions and benefits of sadness, anxiety, anger, embarrassment, shame, guilt, jealousy, and envy. The role of these emotions in social interactions and relationships is examined, as are cultural differences in how they are valued and expressed. The volume considers how people seek out these feelings in everyday life to improve performance, gain insight, and express cares and commitments. Negative emotions are shown to have an important place in a rich and meaningful life.

Negative emotions and the meaningful sides of media entertainment

Systematische Skalenkonstruktionen tragen erheblich zum Erkenntnisfortschritt der Kommunikationswissenschaft bei, indem sie gultige und verlassliche Messinstrumente zur Verfugung tellen. Gleichzeitig wird die Durchfuhrung gezielter Skalenkonstruktionen in der Kommunikationswissenschaft immer popularer, was als Zeichen der Reife und Professionalisierung der Disziplin gedeutet werden kann. Das vorliegende Kapitel gibt einen Uberblick uber die typischen Schritte einer Skalenkonstruktion inklusive aktueller Empfehlungen zur Datenanalyse, haufig angewandter Faustregeln, und Verweise auf vertiefende Literatur. Die zentralen Schritte der Skalenkonstruktion umfassen theoretische Vorarbeiten, die Entwicklung eines Itempools, die Ermittlung psychometrischer Gute der Items, die Uberprufung der Dimensionalitat der Skala, die Itemauswahl und finale Skalenbildung, sowie das Testen der Validitat der Skala. Die Ausfuhrung dieser Schritte erfordert in der Regel mehrere Stichproben und Studien, wodurch Skalenkonstruktionen gut geplant sein mussen.

Tilo Hartmann

Papers

The value of reaction-time measures for presence research: Empirical findings and future perspectives

Negative and Positive Influences on the Sensations Evoked by Artificial Sex Partners: A Review of Relevant Theories, Recent Findings, and Introduction of the Sexual Interaction Illusion Model

Macht der Neuen Medien? "Überwältigung" und kritische Rezeptionshaltung in virtuellen Medienumgebungen

Negative emotions and the meaningful sides of media entertainment

Skalenkonstruktion in der Kommunikationswissenschaft