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Using Multivariate Statistics

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

This article presents an introduction to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM states that the perception of a personal health behavior threat is influenced by at least three factors: general health values, interest and concern about health; specific beliefs about vulnerability to a particular health threat; and beliefs about the consequences of the health problem. Once an individual perceives a threat to his health and is simultaneously cued to action, if his perceived benefits outweighs his perceived costs, then the individual is most likely to undertake the recommended preventive health action. Key words: health promotion, health belief model, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy. Content available only in Romanian.

Health Belief Model

Although player enjoyment is central to computer games, there is currently no accepted model of player enjoyment in games. There are many heuristics in the literature, based on elements such as the game interface, mechanics, gameplay, and narrative. However, there is a need to integrate these heuristics into a validated model that can be used to design, evaluate, and understand enjoyment in games. We have drawn together the various heuristics into a concise model of enjoyment in games that is structured by flow. Flow, a widely accepted model of enjoyment, includes eight elements that, we found, encompass the various heuristics from the literature. Our new model, GameFlow, consists of eight elements -- concentration, challenge, skills, control, clear goals, feedback, immersion, and social interaction. Each element includes a set of criteria for achieving enjoyment in games. An initial investigation and validation of the GameFlow model was carried out by conducting expert reviews of two real-time strategy games, one high-rating and one low-rating, using the GameFlow criteria. The result was a deeper understanding of enjoyment in real-time strategy games and the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the GameFlow model as an evaluation tool. The GameFlow criteria were able to successfully distinguish between the high-rated and low-rated games and identify why one succeeded and the other failed. We concluded that the GameFlow model can be used in its current form to review games; further work will provide tools for designing and evaluating enjoyment in games.

/pdf/gameflow-a-model-for-evaluating-player-enjoyment-in-games-4f7xfog0ca.pdf

GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games

"Gamification" is an informal umbrella term for the use of video game elements in non-gaming systems to improve user experience (UX) and user engagement. The recent introduction of 'gamified' applications to large audiences promises new additions to the existing rich and diverse research on the heuristics, design patterns and dynamics of games and the positive UX they provide. However, what is lacking for a next step forward is the integration of this precise diversity of research endeavors. Therefore, this workshop brings together practitioners and researchers to develop a shared understanding of existing approaches and findings around the gamification of information systems, and identify key synergies, opportunities, and questions for future research.

http://gamification-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/01-Deterding-Sicart-Nacke-OHara-Dixon.pdf

Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts

The present approach conceptualizes the hostile media effect as an intergroup phenomenon. Two empirical studies, one quasi-experimental and one experimental, examine the hostile media effect in the context of the abortion debate. Both studies show that ingroup identification and group status qualify the hostile media effect. Pro-choice and pro-life group members perceived an identical newspaper article as biased against their own viewpoint only if they considered their ingroup to have a lower status in society than the outgroup. In addition, only group members with a stronger ingroup identification showed a hostile media effect, particularly because of self-investment components of ingroup identification. Taken together, the findings confirm the important influence of ingroup status and ingroup identification on the hostile media effect.

/pdf/examining-the-hostile-media-effect-as-an-intergroup-1r08rx9uq7.pdf

Examining the Hostile Media Effect as an Intergroup Phenomenon: The Role of Ingroup Identification and Status

Online health anxiety and consultation satisfaction: A quantitative exploratory study on their relations

A longitudinal study on the reciprocal relationship between health anxiety and online health information seeking

As scientific laboratories are an important domain of application of VR technology, ethical issues of VR have to be discussed with respect to research and the treatment of research subjects. Exposing participants to VR systems may raise ethical problems due to motion sickness, information overload, intensification of experience, and difficulties with reentry into the real world. The ethical guidelines which are typically applied to psychological research do not cover all of these problems in detail and have to be reconsidered, since they have not been developed with regard to the use of VR systems. Therefore, practical strategies to cope with the addressed ethical problems in VR research are recommended.

Some practical considerations of ethical issues in VR research

Das Konzept der parasozialen Interaktionen von Horton und Wohl (1956) erfreut sich groser Beliebtheit in der kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Forschung, lasst eine theoretische Fundierung sowie Modellierung mit Implikationen fur empirische Umsetzungen bisher jedoch vermissen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt ein prozessorientiertes Zwei-Ebenen-Modell parasozialer Interaktionen (PSI) vor, das einen Beitrag dazu leisten soll, die konzeptuellen Probleme der bisherigen PSI-Forschung zu uberwinden und ein besseres Verstandnis parasozialer Rezeptionsprozesse zu gewinnen. In Anlehnung an medien- und sozialpsychologische Theorien werden zwei Ebenen von PSI-Prozessen unterschieden: «Low-Level-PSI» umfassen wenig intensive, oberflachliche Prozesse der Wahrnehmung von und Reaktion auf Medienpersonen, wahrend «High-Level-PSI» die intensive Auseinandersetzung mit Personae darstellen. Auf diesen Ebenen werden perzeptiv-kognitive, emotionale und konative Teilprozesse vorgestellt, anhand derer sich die personenorientierte Medienrezeption charakterisieren lasst. Anschliesend diskutieren die Verfasser, welche Faktoren auf der Seite der Medienperson und des Publikums fur Intensitatsanderungen der PSI-Prozesse verantwortlich sein konnen. Am Ende gehen sie auf Entwicklungs- und Anwendungsperspektiven des Modells ein.

Tilo Hartmann

Papers

Examining the Hostile Media Effect as an Intergroup Phenomenon: The Role of Ingroup Identification and Status

Online health anxiety and consultation satisfaction: A quantitative exploratory study on their relations

A longitudinal study on the reciprocal relationship between health anxiety and online health information seeking

Some practical considerations of ethical issues in VR research

Personenorientierte Medienrezeption: Ein Zwei-Ebenen-Modell parasozialer Interaktionen