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Using Multivariate Statistics

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

This article presents an introduction to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM states that the perception of a personal health behavior threat is influenced by at least three factors: general health values, interest and concern about health; specific beliefs about vulnerability to a particular health threat; and beliefs about the consequences of the health problem. Once an individual perceives a threat to his health and is simultaneously cued to action, if his perceived benefits outweighs his perceived costs, then the individual is most likely to undertake the recommended preventive health action. Key words: health promotion, health belief model, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy. Content available only in Romanian.

Health Belief Model

Although player enjoyment is central to computer games, there is currently no accepted model of player enjoyment in games. There are many heuristics in the literature, based on elements such as the game interface, mechanics, gameplay, and narrative. However, there is a need to integrate these heuristics into a validated model that can be used to design, evaluate, and understand enjoyment in games. We have drawn together the various heuristics into a concise model of enjoyment in games that is structured by flow. Flow, a widely accepted model of enjoyment, includes eight elements that, we found, encompass the various heuristics from the literature. Our new model, GameFlow, consists of eight elements -- concentration, challenge, skills, control, clear goals, feedback, immersion, and social interaction. Each element includes a set of criteria for achieving enjoyment in games. An initial investigation and validation of the GameFlow model was carried out by conducting expert reviews of two real-time strategy games, one high-rating and one low-rating, using the GameFlow criteria. The result was a deeper understanding of enjoyment in real-time strategy games and the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the GameFlow model as an evaluation tool. The GameFlow criteria were able to successfully distinguish between the high-rated and low-rated games and identify why one succeeded and the other failed. We concluded that the GameFlow model can be used in its current form to review games; further work will provide tools for designing and evaluating enjoyment in games.

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GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games

"Gamification" is an informal umbrella term for the use of video game elements in non-gaming systems to improve user experience (UX) and user engagement. The recent introduction of 'gamified' applications to large audiences promises new additions to the existing rich and diverse research on the heuristics, design patterns and dynamics of games and the positive UX they provide. However, what is lacking for a next step forward is the integration of this precise diversity of research endeavors. Therefore, this workshop brings together practitioners and researchers to develop a shared understanding of existing approaches and findings around the gamification of information systems, and identify key synergies, opportunities, and questions for future research.

http://gamification-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/01-Deterding-Sicart-Nacke-OHara-Dixon.pdf

Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts

This study examined the veracity of the common assumption that news coverage of epidemic outbreaks spawns heightened fears and risk perceptions. An online experiment with 1,324 participants investigated the interplay of the form of news coverage (factual/emotion-laden) and key aspects of actual risk (low/high vulnerability, low/high severity) on audience responses. Participants read one of eight versions of a newspaper article followed by measures on risk perceptions, negative affect, behavioral intentions, and perceived sensationalism. Risk perceptions and fear were primarily driven by objective risk characteristics, whereas emotion-laden news form only increased perceptions of disease severity, not of fear or personal vulnerability.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384429

Fear-Mongering or Fact-Driven? Illuminating the Interplay of Objective Risk and Emotion-Evoking Form in the Response to Epidemic News.

Interactive Storytelling is a major endeavour to develop new media which could offer a radically new user experience, with a potential to revolutionise digital entertainment. European research in Interactive Storytelling has played a leading role in the development of the field, and this creates a unique opportunity to strengthen its position even further by structuring collaboration between some of its main actors. IRIS (Integrating Research in Interactive Storytelling) aims at creating a virtual centre of excellence that will be able to progress the understanding of fundamental aspects of Interactive Storytelling and the development of corresponding technologies.

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The IRIS Network of Excellence: Integrating Research in Interactive Storytelling

Obschon parasoziale Interaktionen und Beziehungen als eines der wichtigsten Konzepte innerhalb der Kommunikationswissenschaft gelten, weisen sie eine Reihe von Desiderata und Unklarheiten auf, welche den Informationsgehalt und die Anknupfbarkeit des Konzeptes verringern. Der vorliegende Artikel thematisiert nicht nur diese Desiderata, sondern unterbreitet daruber hinaus auch erste Losungsvorschlage. Zunachst werden Unscharfen der Definition zentraler Elemente wie des Interaktionsbegriffs, des Beziehungsbegriffs und des Personabegriffs diskutiert. Darauf folgend werden Anknupfungspunkte an andere kommunikationswissenschaftliche und psychologische Theorien und Konzepte vorgeschlagen. Abschliesend werden grundlegende methodische Probleme der Erhebung parasozialer Phanomene erortert und das gangige Erhebungsinstrument, die Parasocial-Interaction-Scale, kritisch betrachtet. Ziel der Darlegungen ist es, Wege aufzuzeigen, die zu einem praziseren Verstandnis parasozialer Phanomene fuhren und die Integration unterschiedlicher Konzepte und Theorien der Rezeptionsforschung vorantreiben konnen.

Desiderata und Perspektiven der Forschung über parasoziale Interaktionen und Beziehungen zu Medienfiguren

Mediated interpersonal communication in multiplayer video games: Implications for entertainment and relationship management

Guido van Koningsbruggen, Tilo Hartmann, and Jie Du, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
 Many people live in a media-rich environment, where media content and mediated communication options are easily accessible and almost always available independent from time and place. We argue that such a media-rich environment that constantly reminds people of all available media use options can be a strong trigger of impulsive media use. In this chapter, we explicate the automatic, impulsive process that is likely to facilitate such media use, and argue that investigating impulsive influences will provide a more complete understanding of the processes that drive people’s media use and various media-related behaviors in our current media-rich environment.

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Tilo Hartmann

Papers

Fear-Mongering or Fact-Driven? Illuminating the Interplay of Objective Risk and Emotion-Evoking Form in the Response to Epidemic News.

The IRIS Network of Excellence: Integrating Research in Interactive Storytelling

Desiderata und Perspektiven der Forschung über parasoziale Interaktionen und Beziehungen zu Medienfiguren

Mediated interpersonal communication in multiplayer video games: Implications for entertainment and relationship management

Always on? Explicating impulsive influences on media use