다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Ferroptosis: An Iron-Dependent Form of Nonapoptotic Cell Death

Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system

The ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the vast majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. The cloning of cDNAs encoding glutamate receptor subunits, which occurred mainly between 1989 and 1992 ([Hollmann and Heinemann, 1994][1]), stimulated this

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The glutamate receptor ion channels

During quiet wakefulness, slow-wave sleep and anesthesia, mammalian cortex exhibits a synchronised state during which transient changes in the local field potential (LFP) accompany periods of increased single neuron firing, known as UP-states. While UP-state genesis is still debated (Crunelli and Hughes, 2010) such transitions may constitute the default activity pattern of the entire cortex (Neske, 2016). Recent findings of preserved firing order between UP-state transitions and stimulus processing in high-firing rate (>2Hz) rat auditory and barrel cortex neurons (Luczak et al., 2015) support this hypothesis. Yet it is unknown whether UP-states are homogeneous and whether neurons with firing rates <2Hz in visual cortex or other species exhibit spiking order. Using extracellular recordings during anesthetized states in cat visual cortex and mouse visual, auditory and barrel cortex, we show that UP-states can be tracked and clustered based on the shape of the LFP waveform. We show that LFP event clusters (LECs) have current-source-density profiles that are common across different recordings or animals and using simultaneous electrophysiology and widefield voltage and calcium imaging in mouse we confirm that LEC transitions are cortex-wide phenomena. Individual LEC events can be resolved in time to within 1-4 ms and they elicit synchronous firing of over 75% of recorded neurons with most neurons synchronizing their firing to within 5-15 ms relative LECs. Firing order of different neurons during LEC events was preserved over periods of ~30 minutes enabling future studies of UP-state transitions and firing order with near millisecond precision.

/pdf/stereotyped-large-amplitude-cortical-lfp-events-can-be-1w656dsefl.pdf

Stereotyped large amplitude cortical LFP events can be clustered and reveal precisely ordered phase-locking in neuronal populations

http://www.neuroscience.ubc.ca/faculty/images/thm/publications/Effective_release_rates_at_single_rat_Schaffer_collateral-CA.pdf

sustained theta-burst activity revealed by optical imaging Effective release rates at single rat Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses during

Spontaneous activity carries information about mesoscopic brain mapping. Calcium wide field imaging was used to reveal the parcellation of the mouse cortex in clusters of areas as well as the topology existing in each cluster.

Cortical activity motifs that correspond to sensory modalities are organized within larger super-clusters

Brain function originates from hierarchical spatial-temporal neural dynamics distributed across cortical and subcortical networks. However, techniques available to assess large-scale brain network activity with single-neuron resolution in behaving animals remain limited. Here we present Mesotrode that integrates chronic wide-field mesoscale cortical imaging and compact multi-site cortical/subcortical cellular electrophysiology in head-fixed mice that undergo self-initiated running or orofacial movements. Specifically, we harnessed the flexibility of chronic multi-site tetrode recordings to monitor single-neuron activity in multiple subcortical structures while simultaneously imaging the mesoscale activity of the entire dorsal cortex. A mesoscale spike-triggered averaging procedure allowed the identification of cortical activity motifs preferentially associated with single-neuron spiking. Using this approach, we were able to characterize chronic single-neuron-related functional connectivity maps for up to 60 days post-implantation. Neurons recorded from distinct subcortical structures display diverse but segregated cortical maps, suggesting that neurons of different origins participate in distinct cortico-subcortical pathways. We extended the capability of Mesotrode by implanting the micro-electrode at the facial motor nerve and found that facial nerve spiking is functionally associated with the PTA, RSP, and M2 network, and optogenetic inhibition of the PTA area significantly reduced the facial movement of the mice. These findings demonstrate that Mesotrode can be used to sample different combinations of cortico-subcortical networks over prolonged periods, generating multimodal and multi-scale network activity from a single implant, offering new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying specific behaviors.

/pdf/mesotrode-chronic-simultaneous-mesoscale-cortical-imaging-1834y7ch.pdf

Mesotrode: chronic simultaneous mesoscale cortical imaging and subcortical or peripheral nerve spiking activity recording in mice

Human motion analysis has been a common thread across modern and early medicine. While medicine evolves, analysis of movement disorders is mostly based on clinical presentation and trained observers making subjective assessments using clinical rating scales. Currently, the field of computer vision has seen exponential growth and successful medical applications. While this has been the case, neurology, for the most part, has not embraced digital movement analysis. There are many reasons for this including: the limited size of labeled datasets, accuracy and nontransparent nature of neural networks, and potential legal and ethical concerns. We hypothesize that a number of opportunities are made available by advancements in computer vision that will enable digitization of human form, movements, and will represent them synthetically in 3D. Representing human movements within synthetic body models will potentially pave the way towards objective standardized digital movement disorder diagnosis and building sharable open-source datasets from such processed videos. We provide a perspective of this emerging field and describe how clinicians and computer scientists can navigate this new space. Such digital movement capturing methods will be important for both machine learning-based diagnosis and computer vision-aided clinical assessment. It would also supplement face-to-face clinical visits and be used for longitudinal monitoring and remote diagnosis.

Timothy H. Murphy

Papers

Stereotyped large amplitude cortical LFP events can be clustered and reveal precisely ordered phase-locking in neuronal populations

sustained theta-burst activity revealed by optical imaging Effective release rates at single rat Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses during

Cortical activity motifs that correspond to sensory modalities are organized within larger super-clusters

Mesotrode: chronic simultaneous mesoscale cortical imaging and subcortical or peripheral nerve spiking activity recording in mice

Towards a Visualizable, De-identified Synthetic Biomarker of Human Movement Disorders.