다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Ferroptosis: An Iron-Dependent Form of Nonapoptotic Cell Death

Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system

The ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the vast majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. The cloning of cDNAs encoding glutamate receptor subunits, which occurred mainly between 1989 and 1992 ([Hollmann and Heinemann, 1994][1]), stimulated this

/pdf/the-glutamate-receptor-ion-channels-560mntczdb.pdf

The glutamate receptor ion channels

Spatial and temporal changes in intracellular calcium concentrations are critical for controlling gene expression in neurons. In many neurons, activity-dependent calcium influx through L-type channels stimulates transcription that depends on the transcription factor CREB by activating a calmodulin-dependent pathway. Here we show that selective influx of calcium through P/Q-type channels is responsible for activating expression of syntaxin-1A, a presynaptic protein that mediates vesicle docking, fusion and neurotransmitter release. The initial P/Q-type calcium signal is amplified by release of calcium from intracellular stores and acts through phosphorylation that is dependent on the calmodulin-dependent kinase CaM K II/IV, protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Initiation of syntaxin-1A expression is rapid and short-lived, with syntaxin-1A ultimately interacting with the P/Q-type calcium channel to decrease channel availability. Our results define an activity-dependent feedback pathway that may regulate synaptic efficacy and function in the nervous system.

P/Q-type calcium channels mediate the activity-dependent feedback of syntaxin-1A.

Background and Purpose— Focal stroke is associated with cell death, abnormal synaptic activity, and neurologic impairments. Given that many of these neuropathologic processes can be attributed to events that occur shortly after injury, it is necessary to understand how stroke affects the structure of neurons in surviving peri-infarct regions, particularly at the level of the dendritic spines, which transmit normal and potentially abnormal and injurious synaptic signaling. Recently, we described ischemia-induced changes in the structure of layer 1 dendritic tufts of transgenic mice expressing YFP in layer 5 cortical neurons. However, these in vivo imaging experiments could not address ischemia-related phenomena that occur in deeper cortical structures/layers, other cortical regions, or submicron changes in dendritic spine structure. Methods— Focal stroke was induced in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex by the photothrombotic method. Two, 6, and 24 hours after stroke, brains were processed for Golgi-Cox stai...

http://www.neuroscience.ubc.ca/faculty/images/thm/publications/Rapid_Morphologic_Plasticity_of_Peri-Infarct_Dendritic_Spine.pdf

Rapid Morphologic Plasticity of Peri-Infarct Dendritic Spines After Focal Ischemic Stroke

Stroke and the Connectome: How Connectivity Guides Therapeutic Intervention

A variety of processes limit NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor (NMDAR) activity in response to agonist exposure, including rundown--the decline of peak current with repeated, sustained agonist application. Here we report that calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation differentially regulate rundown of synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediated current in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

Differential regulation of synaptic and extra-synaptic NMDA receptors

Transgenic mice expressing genetically encoded activity indicators are an attractive means of mapping mesoscopic regional functional cortical connectivity given widespread stable and cell-specific expression compatible with chronic recordings. Cortical functional connectivity was evaluated using wide-field imaging in lightly anesthetized Emx1-creXRosa26-GCaMP3 mice expressing calcium sensor in cortical neurons. Challenges exist because green fluorescence signals overlap with endogenous activity-dependent autofluorescence and are affected by changes in blood volume and oxygenation. Under the conditions used for imaging and analysis (0.1-1 Hz frequency band), autofluorescence and hemodynamic effects contributed 3% and 8% of the SD of spontaneous activity-dependent GCaMP3 fluorescence when signals were recorded through intact bone. To evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of this approach, the topology of functional connections between somatomotor cortex (primary S1 and secondary S2 somatosensory, and primary motor cortex M1) was estimated. During sequences of spontaneous activity, calcium signals recorded at each location of area S1 were correlated with activity in contralateral area S1, ipsilateral area S2, and bilateral areas M1. Reciprocal results were observed when "seed pixels" were placed in S2 and M1. Coactivation of areas implies functional connections but could also be attributed to both regions receiving common upstream drive. These apparent connections revealed during spontaneous activity coactivation by GCaMP3 were confirmed by intracortical microstimulation but were more difficult to detect using intrinsic signals from reflected red light. We anticipate GCAMP wide-field imaging will enable longitudinal studies during plasticity paradigms or after models of CNS disease, such as stroke, where the weighting within these connectivity maps may be altered.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/34/48/15931.full.pdf

Mesoscale Transcranial Spontaneous Activity Mapping in GCaMP3 Transgenic Mice Reveals Extensive Reciprocal Connections between Areas of Somatomotor Cortex

Timothy H. Murphy

Papers

P/Q-type calcium channels mediate the activity-dependent feedback of syntaxin-1A.

Rapid Morphologic Plasticity of Peri-Infarct Dendritic Spines After Focal Ischemic Stroke

Stroke and the Connectome: How Connectivity Guides Therapeutic Intervention

Differential regulation of synaptic and extra-synaptic NMDA receptors

Mesoscale Transcranial Spontaneous Activity Mapping in GCaMP3 Transgenic Mice Reveals Extensive Reciprocal Connections between Areas of Somatomotor Cortex