다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

This review is an updated and expanded version of the five prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997, 2003, 2007, 2012, and 2016. For all approved therapeutic agents, the time frame has been extended to cover the almost 39 years from the first of January 1981 to the 30th of September 2019 for all diseases worldwide and from ∼1946 (earliest so far identified) to the 30th of September 2019 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. As in earlier reviews, only the first approval of any drug is counted, irrespective of how many "biosimilars" or added approvals were subsequently identified. As in the 2012 and 2016 reviews, we have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic", or "NM", to join the original primary divisions, and the designation "natural product botanical", or "NB", to cover those botanical "defined mixtures" now recognized as drug entities by the FDA (and similar organizations). From the data presented in this review, the utilization of natural products and/or synthetic variations using their novel structures, in order to discover and develop the final drug entity, is still alive and well. For example, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from 1946 to 1980, of the 75 small molecules, 40, or 53.3%, are N or ND. In the 1981 to date time frame the equivalent figures for the N* compounds of the 185 small molecules are 62, or 33.5%, though to these can be added the 58 S* and S*/NMs, bringing the figure to 64.9%. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked with, as expected from prior information, the anti-infective area being dependent on natural products and their structures, though as can be seen in the review there are still disease areas (shown in Table 2) for which there are no drugs derived from natural products. Although combinatorial chemistry techniques have succeeded as methods of optimizing structures and have been used very successfully in the optimization of many recently approved agents, we are still able to identify only two de novo combinatorial compounds (one of which is a little speculative) approved as drugs in this 39-year time frame, though there is also one drug that was developed using the "fragment-binding methodology" and approved in 2012. We have also added a discussion of candidate drug entities currently in clinical trials as "warheads" and some very interesting preliminary reports on sources of novel antibiotics from Nature due to the absolute requirement for new agents to combat plasmid-borne resistance genes now in the general populace. We continue to draw the attention of readers to the recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated"; thus we consider that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.

Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019.

Thank you for reading principles of optics electromagnetic theory of propagation interference and diffraction of light. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this principles of optics electromagnetic theory of propagation interference and diffraction of light, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their computer.

Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

Wearable biosensors are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, noninvasive measurements of biochemical markers in biofluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and interstitial fluid. Recent developments have focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, together with advances in the noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers including metabolites, bacteria and hormones. A combination of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems have been integrated, miniaturized and combined with flexible materials for improved wearability and ease of operation. Although wearable biosensors hold promise, a better understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations in the blood and noninvasive biofluids is needed to improve reliability. An expanded set of on-body bioaffinity assays and more sensing strategies are needed to make more biomarkers accessible to monitoring. Large-cohort validation studies of wearable biosensor performance will be needed to underpin clinical acceptance. Accurate and reliable real-time sensing of physiological information using wearable biosensor technologies would have a broad impact on our daily lives.

Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring.

Interfacial Nanoadhesive: Universal Nanopatternable Interfacial Bonding (Adv. Mater. 46/2011)

Porous nanofibrous membranes have ultrahigh specific surface areas and could be broadly employed in protein purification, enzyme immobilization, and biosensors with enhanced selectivity, sensitivit...

Diffusion of Protein Molecules through Microporous Nanofibrous Polyacrylonitrile Membranes.

This is the first special issue of the Annals of Biomedical Engineering dedicated to highlighting the latest academic innovations and interdisciplinary efforts towards establishing emerging mobile-based medical platforms. The rapid development of mobile electronic devices and associated software applications has been significantly reshaping the way that people share information and interact with each other universally. Recently, this emerging technological trend has started offering new innovative opportunities to improve personal health and healthcare systems which may lead to drastic changes in how medical care will be delivered worldwide in the foreseeable future. Notably, both growing elderly populations and rising rates of chronic diseases keep challenging the overburdened healthcare systems in developed countries, while in the developing world shortages of basic medical services present a major concern. This emerging field, collectively known as mobile medicine, aims to (a) allow patients to selfmonitor their health conditions on a continuous basis, (b) provide doctors with real-time access to patients’ health data, (c) facilitate communication and information sharing between the two parties, and (d) generate individual health data sets useful for future personalized medicine, which is becoming a very attractive alternative to conventional medicine. It is important to note that this unprecedented technological revolution has been enabled and accelerated by multidisciplinary efforts from bioengineering, clinical medicine, bioinformatics, microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems, microfluidics, communications, cloud computing, and others. This special issue of ABME is dedicated to a wide range of research articles at the frontier of mobilebased healthcare and medical solutions, covering topics such as wearable microsensors, portable pointof-care instruments, cellphone-based detectionmethods, and lab-on-a-chip analytical devices. Despite many developments and enormous progress, a number of technical challenges, such as sensitive reliable detection, flexible human-sensor interfaces, signal processing and data accuracy, have limited the wide-scale adoption ofmobilemedical approaches. These problems are being actively researched and some of them have been addressed by the articles in this Special Issue of Mobile Medicine. Specifically, the topics of this issue include an article by Lillehoj and colleagues reviewing recent advancements and developments in smartphone-based pointof-care systems, comprised of detectors, sample processors, disposable chips, batteries and software, with an emphasis on cell and biomolecular detection for mobile medical applications. Park and colleagues summarize the latest technological developments and applications of electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings using non-contact wearable capacitive electrodes. A wearable surgical navigation system has been proposed by Xu and colleagues, combining the sensitivity and specificity of a fluorescence imaging system and the mobility of a wearable Google Glass for real-time intraoperative imaging of the surgical margin in cancer resection surgery. Chon and colleagues investigate algorithms to improve photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals by reducing motion artifacts for real-time monitoring of vital signals. To utilize state-of-the-art solid-state sensing technologies, Xu and colleagues review the applications of accelerometers in the detection of body acoustic signals for vital physiological and pathological information in mobile healthcare. As an alternative sensing scheme, Pan and colleagues introduce a miniature, flexible, transparent, highly sensitive and wearable pressure sensor with embedded microfluidic elements, which has been utilized to perform arterial tonometry with the capability of noninvasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure waveforms in a realtime and continuous fashion. In the active area of development of lab-on-a-chip point-of-care systems, Shin and Wang review recent developments in the use Tingrui Pan.

/pdf/mobile-medicine-can-emerging-mobile-technologies-enable-4c2fbcjlg8.pdf

Mobile Medicine: Can Emerging Mobile Technologies Enable Patient-Oriented Medicine?

Minute droplets play a growingly important role in the fields of manufacturing and measurement for the ability of being miniscule liquid carries. A digital microfluidic flow rate sensor, which works by counting the number of droplets generated between two electrodes, is designed and fabricated in this article. The droplets with equal volume ranging from nanoliter to microliter are generated by a three-supersurface structure (TSS), and the droplet volume is directly related to the size of gap in the TSS, which means that the resolution of the flow rate sensor can be simply tuned by changing the gap. A theoretical model is presented to reveal the mechanism of the isovolumetric discretization effect, showing that the superhydrophobicity/superhydrophilicity of the TSS’s three surfaces plays the most important role in the isovolumetric droplet discretization. Both numerical simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the droplets can keep uniform size at different flow rates under 200 μL/min, indicating a potential application of the digital flow rate sensor for low rate metering in microfluidic devices.

Digital flow rate sensor based on isovolumetric droplet discretization effect by a three-supersurface structure

Abstract Emerging tactile sensing devices mimic biological functions of human mechanoreception. By introducing the feature of optical transparency, it can lead to a combined capacities of tactile and visual intelligence into single system. Yet, it is difficult to realize ultrahigh level of optical transparency and device sensitivity in single structure, for the widely used methods for sensitivity improvement, such as elevating the interfacial roughness, may further reduce the transparency. By utilizing a transparent ionic material with tunable surface topologies, as well as introducing a strategy of refractive index matching, we have proposed a transparent iontronic sensing (TIS) device based on the iontronic sensing mechanism, simultaneously offering combined high device sensitivity (83.9 kPa −1 ), with ultrahigh optical transparency (96.9%), the highest reported value in literature. Benefiting from its comprehensive performance in sensing and optical characteristics, the TIS devices hold enormous potential for the human-machine interfaces for industrial and medical applications. 

/pdf/ultrahigh-transparency-and-pressure-sensitive-iontronic-3jodid9r.pdf

Tingrui Pan

Papers

Interfacial Nanoadhesive: Universal Nanopatternable Interfacial Bonding (Adv. Mater. 46/2011)

Diffusion of Protein Molecules through Microporous Nanofibrous Polyacrylonitrile Membranes.

Mobile Medicine: Can Emerging Mobile Technologies Enable Patient-Oriented Medicine?

Digital flow rate sensor based on isovolumetric droplet discretization effect by a three-supersurface structure

Ultrahigh-transparency and pressure-sensitive iontronic device for tactile intelligence