https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/189496/1/dp13183.pdf

Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys

The impacts of COVID-19 on workers and workplaces across the globe have been dramatic. This broad review of prior research rooted in work and organizational psychology, and related fields, is intended to make sense of the implications for employees, teams, and work organizations. This review and preview of relevant literatures focuses on (a) emergent changes in work practices (e.g., working from home, virtual teamwork) and (b) emergent changes for workers (e.g., social distancing, stress, and unemployment). In addition, potential moderating factors (demographic characteristics, individual differences, and organizational norms) are examined given the likelihood that COVID-19 will generate disparate effects. This broad-scope overview provides an integrative approach for considering the implications of COVID-19 for work, workers, and organizations while also identifying issues for future research and insights to inform solutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

/pdf/covid-19-and-the-workplace-implications-issues-and-insights-ofbegbw8f5.pdf

COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action.

School and daycare closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased caregiving responsibilities for working parents As a result, many have changed their work hours to meet these growing demands In this study, we use panel data from the US Current Population Survey to examine changes in mothers' and fathers' work hours from February through April, 2020, the period of time prior to the widespread COVID-19 outbreak in the US and through its first peak Using person-level fixed effects models, we find that mothers with young children have reduced their work hours four to five times more than fathers Consequently, the gender gap in work hours has grown by 20 to 50 percent These findings indicate yet another negative consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the challenges it poses to women's work hours and employment

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gwao.12506

COVID-19 and the Gender Gap in Work Hours.

While women were already doing most of the world’s unpaid care work prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging research suggests that the crisis and its subsequent shutdown response have...

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families

This paper brings together evidence from various data sources and the most recent studies to describe what we know so far about the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on inequalities across several key domains of life, including employment and ability to earn, family life and health We show how these new fissures interact with existing inequalities along various key dimensions, including socio-economic status, education, age, gender, ethnicity and geography We find that the deep underlying inequalities and policy challenges that we already had are crucial in understanding the complex impacts of the pandemic itself and our response to it, and that the crisis does in itself have the potential to exacerbate some of these pre-existing inequalities fairly directly Moreover, it seems likely that the current crisis will leave legacies that will impact inequalities in the long term These possibilities are not all disequalising, but many are

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12232

COVID-19 and Inequalities.

In the last two decades, China has registered rapid and substantial increases in outbound foreign direct investment across regions and industries. Building on prior literature, this paper provides an empirical analysis on the impact of the Chinese institutional environment on its globalization patterns. A framework is presented through which distortive government policies act upon existing country and firm specific advantages, giving rise to institutional specific (dis)advantages. The applicability of this framework is then tested empirically through a unrestricted regression model that controls for the standard explanatory factors of inter-country FDI in comparing state and private sector OFDI determinants. This study concludes that institutional discrimination creates relative advantages for state-owned firms at a cost to private enterprise, leading to divergences in IB strategies.

Institutional Analysis and the Determinants of Chinese Outward FDI

The macroeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were most severe for emerging market economies, representing the middle of the world income distribution. This paper provides a quantitative economic theory for why emerging markets fared worse, on average, relative to advanced economies and low-income countries. To do so we adapt a workhorse incomplete-markets macro model to include epidemiological dynamics alongside key economic and demographic characteristics that distinguish countries of different income levels. We focus in particular on differences in lockdown stringency, public insurance programs, age distributions, healthcare capacity, and the sectoral composition of employment. The calibrated model correctly predicts the larger output losses and greater fatalities in emerging market economies, matching the data. Quantitatively, emerging markets fared especially poorly due to their high employment share in occupations requiring social interactions and their low level of pubic transfers, which leads economically vulnerable households to continue working in the market rather than sheltering at home. Low-income countries fared relatively better due mainly to their younger populations, whom are less susceptible to disease, and larger agricultural sectors, which require fewer social interactions. 

/pdf/macroeconomic-effects-of-covid-19-across-the-world-income-2lgr3xw7.pdf

Macroeconomic Effects of COVID-19 Across the World Income Distribution

China’s role in the global economy is growing as it increases its market share in international trade and builds political influence in international forums. Its expanding role as an international investor is less publicized. While China heavily regulates many cross-border transactions and portfolio capital outflows are still very limited, direct investment overseas by Chinese companies has mushroomed in recent years. China’s total foreign holdings acquired through mergers and acquisitions (M&A), basically nonexistent 20 years ago, reached over $87 billion by the end of 2008. The two main types of foreign direct investment are “greenfield,” in which a company builds a plant in a target country, and direct investment through mergers and acquisitions (M&A), in which a company purchases a large stake in an existing foreign firm. Most foreign direct investment worldwide in recent years has taken place through M&A, with the exception of new resource-extracting operations. In this Economic Letter, we focus on M&A transactions that resulted in Chinese acquisition of large stakes in target companies outside China. Main reasons for foreign direct investment Traditional economic theory identifies market-seeking, efficiency-seeking, and resource-seeking motives as the main reasons companies engage in foreign direct investment (Caves 2007). Market-seeking investment is aimed at gaining access to foreign markets. Companies may find it less costly or easier to produce or assemble goods in or near target markets. Foreign car companies are seeking markets when they build assembly plants in the United States. Efficiency-seeking investment is designed to move production to countries where inputs, especially labor, are cheaper. U.S. shoe companies are seeking efficiency when they build factories in Asia in order to produce for U.S. markets. Resource-seeking investment is aimed at gaining access to natural resources, particularly those that may be scarce in the country where the acquirer is located. Energy companies are seeking resources when they purchase oil fields overseas.

What Is China's Capital Seeking in a Global Environment?

Financial institutions often do not charge explicit fees for the services they provide, but are instead compensated by the spread between interest rates on loans and deposits. The lack of explicit fees in lending makes it difficult to measure the output of banks and other financial institutions. Effective measurement should distinguish between income derived from lending services and income derived from portfolio decisions about risk and duration, and should be consistent among bank and nonbank financial institutions.

What is the value of bank output

In recent US recessions, employment losses have been much larger for men than for women Yet, in the current recession caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the opposite is true: unemployment is higher among women In this paper, we analyze the causes and consequences of this phenomenon We argue that women have experienced sharp employment losses both because their employment is concentrated in heavily affected sectors such as restaurants, and due to increased childcare needs caused by school and daycare closures, preventing many women from working We analyze the repercussions of this trend using a quantitative macroeconomic model featuring heterogeneity in gender, marital status, childcare needs, and human capital Our quantitative analysis suggests that a pandemic recession will i) feature a strong transmission from employment to aggregate demand due to diminished within-household insurance; ii) result in a widening of the gender wage gap throughout the recovery; and iii) contribute to a weakening of the gender norms that currently produce a lopsided distribution of the division of labor in home work and childcare

Titan Alon

Papers

Institutional Analysis and the Determinants of Chinese Outward FDI

Macroeconomic Effects of COVID-19 Across the World Income Distribution

What Is China's Capital Seeking in a Global Environment?

What is the value of bank output

This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession