Acute pain signaling has a key protective role and is highly evolutionarily conserved. Chronic pain, however, is maladaptive, occurring as a consequence of injury and disease, and is associated wit...

The Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Pain Signaling

Pogostemon cablin Benth. (patchouli) is an important herb which possesses many therapeutic properties and is widely used in the fragrance industries. In traditional medicinal practices, it is used to treat colds, headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, insect and snake bites. In aromatherapy, patchouli oil is used to relieve depression, stress, calm nerves, control appetite and to improve sexual interest. Till now more than 140 compounds, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids, glycosides, alcohols, aldehydes have been isolated and identified from patchouli. The main phytochemical compounds are patchouli alcohol, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene, α-bulnesene, seychellene, norpatchoulenol, pogostone, eugenol and pogostol. Modern studies have revealed several biological activities such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, antimutagenic, antiemetic, fibrinolytic and cytotoxic activities. However, some of the traditional uses need to be verified and may require standardizing and authenticating the bioactivity of purified compounds through scientific methods. The aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of essential oil and different plant extracts of patchouli based on the available scientific literature. This information will provide a potential guide in exploring the use of main active compounds of patchouli in various medical fields.

A Comprehensive Review on the Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: An Aromatic Medicinal Plant of Industrial Importance

Burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and distribution of rotavirus strains in Asia: a systematic review.

Background A substantial number of surveillance studies have documented rotavirus prevalence among children admitted for dehydrating diarrhea. We sought to establish global seasonal patterns of rotavirus disease before the introduction of widespread vaccination. Methods We reviewed studies of rotavirus detection in children with diarrhea published since 1995. We assessed potential relationships between seasonal prevalence and locality by plotting the average monthly proportion of diarrhea cases positive for rotavirus according to geography, country development and latitude. We used linear regression to identify variables that were potentially associated with the seasonal intensity of rotavirus. Results Among a total of 99 studies representing all 6 geographic regions of the world, patterns of year-round disease were more evident in low- and low-middle income countries compared with upper-middle and high-income countries where disease was more likely to be seasonal. The level of country development was a stronger predictor of strength of seasonality (P = 0.001) than geographic location or climate. However, the observation of distinctly different seasonal patterns of rotavirus disease in some countries with similar geographic location, climate and level of development indicate that a single unifying explanation for variation in seasonality of rotavirus disease is unlikely. Conclusion While no unifying explanation emerged for varying rotavirus seasonality globally, the country income level was somewhat more predictive of the likelihood of having seasonal disease than other factors. Future evaluation of the effect of rotavirus vaccination on seasonal patterns of disease in different settings may help understand factors that drive the global seasonality of rotavirus disease.

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Global seasonality of rotavirus disease.

Background . Studies on the health benefits of breastfeeding in developed countries have shown conflicting results. These studies often fail to account for confounding, reverse causality, and dose-response effects. We addressed these issues in analyzing longitudinal data to determine if breastfeeding protects US infants from developing diarrhea and ear infections. Methods .  Mothers participating in a mail panel provided information on their infants at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 months. Infants were classified as exclusively breastfed; high, middle, or low mixed breast- and formula-fed; or exclusively formula-fed. Diarrhea and ear infection diagnoses were based on mothers’ reports. Infant age and gender; other liquid and solid intake; maternal education, occupation, and smoking; household size; family income; and day care use were adjusted for in the full models. Results . The risk of developing either diarrhea or ear infection increased as the amount of breast milk an infant received decreased. In the full models, the risk for diarrhea remained significant only in infants who received no breast milk compared with those who received only breast milk (odds ratio = 1.8); the risk for ear infection remained significant in the low mixed feeding group (odds ratio = 1.6) and among infants receiving no breast milk compared with those who received only breast milk (odds ratio = 1.7). Conclusions . Breastfeeding protects US infants against the development of diarrhea and ear infection. Breastfeeding does not have to be exclusive to confer this benefit. In fact, protection is afforded in a dose-response manner. The more breast milk an infant receives in the first 6 months of life, the less likely that he or she will develop diarrhea or ear infection. longitudinal analysis, diarrhea, ear infection, breastfeeding.

A longitudinal analysis of infant morbidity and the extent of breastfeeding in the united states

Globally rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea-related hospitalizations and deaths among young children but the burden of rotavirus disease in Indonesia is poorly documented. From January through December 2006 we conducted prospective surveillance (inpatient and outpatient) among children aged <5 years at 6 hospitals in 6 provinces of Indonesia using standardized methodology. Of 2240 enrolled children hospitalized for diarrhea 1345 (60%) were rotavirus positive. Of 176 children enrolled in outpatient clinics in 3 hospitals 73 (41%) were rotavirus positive. Among children hospitalized for diarrhea dehydration was more common among those who tested positive for rotavirus than among those who did not (91% vs 82%; [Formula: see text]) as was vomiting (86% vs 67%; [Formula: see text]). Children aged 6-23 months experienced 72% of all rotavirus episodes. Rotavirus prevalence increased slightly in the cool dry season. The most commonly detected genotypes were G9 (30%) and P[6] (56%). G1P[6] and G9P[6] accounted for 34% and 21% of strains respectively. A high proportion of genotype P[6] was detected in combination with the common G types G1 and G9. Available rotavirus vaccines would likely be efficacious against the most common circulating strains but continued monitoring of uncommon genotypes is needed.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/27794275

Burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea in indonesia.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a major cause of chronic constipation in children. HSCR can be caused by germline mutations in RET and EDNRB. Defining causality of the mutations identified is difficult and almost exclusively based on in silico predictions. Therefore, the reported frequency of pathogenic mutations might be overestimated. We combined mutation analysis with functional assays to determine the frequencies of proven pathogenic RET and EDNRB mutations in HSCR. We sequenced RET and EDNRB in 57 HSCR patients. The identified RET-coding variants were introduced into RET constructs and these were transfected into HEK293 cells to determine RET phosphorylation and activation via ERK. An exon trap experiment was performed to check a possible splice-site mutation. We identified eight rare RET-coding variants, one possible splice-site variant, but no rare EDNRB variants. Western blotting showed that three coding variants p.(Pr270Leu), p.(Ala756Val) and p.(Tyr1062Cys) resulted in lower activation of RET. Moreover, only two RET variants (p.(Ala756Val) and p.(Tyr1062Cys)) resulted in reduced ERK activation. Splice-site assays on c.1880-11A>G could not confirm its pathogenicity. Our data suggest that indeed almost half of the identified rare variants are proven pathogenic and that, hence, functional studies are essential for proper genetic counseling.

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RET and EDNRB mutation screening in patients with Hirschsprung disease: Functional studies and its implications for genetic counseling.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the main compounds and the effect of M. leucadendron, C. odorata and P. cablin essential oil odors on human physiological responses. The chemical compounds of essential oils in this study were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the physiological effects of essential oils on human were analyzed via the sense of smell olfactory system. Physiological parameters of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, stress index, and brain wave were recorded before and after sniffing essential oils. The result shows that the main compound of M. leucadendron, C. odorata, and P. cablin is 1,8-cineole, Caryophyllene and Patchouli Alcohol, respectively. Our results demonstrated that M. leucadendron and C. odorata oil odors possessed sedative effect and P. cablin oil odor had tendency to contain stimulating effect on human physiologies.

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Effect of Melaleuca leucadendron, Cananga odorata and Pogostemon cablin Oil Odors on Human Physiological Responses

Minyak kenanga pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari bunga kenanga segar dengan penyulingan cara pengukusan. Uji kualitas fisik minyak kenanga cukup memuaskan dan sesuai dengan standar SNI 06-3949-1005. Komposisi kimia minyak kenangan diuji menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil analisis GC-MS mengidentifikasikan adanya 23 komponen kimia penyusun minyak kenanga. Komponen utama penyusun minyak kenanga yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini adalah caryophyllene (36,44%), â-linalool (5,97%), a-caryophyllene (9,61%), germacrene D (17,23%), dan benzyl benzoate (7,18%). Pengujian antioksidan minyak kenanga dengan metode DPPH scavenging assay menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang lembut dari minyak kenangan (IC50: 2,29 mg/ml) jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif BHA (IC50: 0,03 mg/ml). Penelitian ini mengidentifikasikan bahwa minyak kenanga memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan alami yang lembut. Kata kunci : Cananga odorata, minyak atsiri, kualitas, komposisi kimia, antioksidan.  Quality, chemical composition, and antioxidative activity of cananga (Cananga odorata) oil Abstract Cananga oil in this study was obtained from fresh flowers of Cananga odorata by water-steam distillation. The result of physical properties of cananga oil were compared with the SNI 06-3949-1005 showed that cananga oil was satisfied the quality prescribed by standard. The chemical composition of cananga oil was analyzed by GC-MS. GC-MS analysis showed that 23 compounds have been identified. The main compounds of cananga oil were caryophyllene (36.44%), â-linalool (5.97%), a-caryophyllene (9.61%), germacrene D (17.23%) and benzyl benzoate (7.18%). The DPPH scavenging assay showed that cananga oil possess mild antioxidant activity (IC50: 2.29 mg/ml) if compared with positive control of BHA (IC50: 0.03 mg/ml). This study indicated that cananga oil has potency as mild natural antioxidant.

https://www.journal.ugm.ac.id/jikfkt/article/download/10179/7698

Kualitas, Komposisi Kimia, dan Aktivitas Anti Oksidan Minyak Kenanga (Cananga odorata)

The chemical composition, antioxidant, antifungal, and physiological effects of commercial Melaleuca leucadendron LINN. (Kayu Putih) oil from Sukun, East Java, Indonesia was investigated in this study. GC-MS analysis showed the majority compounds of this oil are mixtures of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which 1,8-cineole (53.90%) was the most abundant compound in this oil. In vitro antioxidant assay showed this essential oil possessed antioxidant activity (IC50: 4.24mg/ml). In vitro antifungal assay showed relatively strong antifungal activity of this oil against plant pathogenic fungi of F. oxysporum (IC50: 0.44 mg/ml), T. cucumeris (IC50: 0.97mg/ml) and R. oryzae (IC50: 7.71mg/ml). The investigation on the effect of the odor of M. leucadendron oil in this study also showed functional fragrance of this oil for human physiological behavior controlling.

Titis Widowati

Papers

Burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea in indonesia.

RET and EDNRB mutation screening in patients with Hirschsprung disease: Functional studies and its implications for genetic counseling.

Effect of Melaleuca leucadendron, Cananga odorata and Pogostemon cablin Oil Odors on Human Physiological Responses

Kualitas, Komposisi Kimia, dan Aktivitas Anti Oksidan Minyak Kenanga (Cananga odorata)

Utilization of Melaleuca leucadendron Essential Oil