The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

Global warming and climate change concerns have triggered global efforts to reduce the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is considered a crucial strategy for meeting CO2 emission reduction targets. In this paper, various aspects of CCS are reviewed and discussed including the state of the art technologies for CO2 capture, separation, transport, storage, leakage, monitoring, and life cycle analysis. The selection of specific CO2 capture technology heavily depends on the type of CO2 generating plant and fuel used. Among those CO2 separation processes, absorption is the most mature and commonly adopted due to its higher efficiency and lower cost. Pipeline is considered to be the most viable solution for large volume of CO2 transport. Among those geological formations for CO2 storage, enhanced oil recovery is mature and has been practiced for many years but its economical viability for anthropogenic sources needs to be demonstrated. There are growing interests in CO2 storage in saline aquifers due to their enormous potential storage capacity and several projects are in the pipeline for demonstration of its viability. There are multiple hurdles to CCS deployment including the absence of a clear business case for CCS investment and the absence of robust economic incentives to support the additional high capital and operating costs of the whole CCS process.

https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/96980/Current-status-carbon-capture.pdf

An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

/pdf/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-the-way-forward-11rgsqyer0.pdf

Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/78793/1/Progress%20in%20chemical-looping%20combustion%20and%20ref....2012.pdf

Progress in chemical-looping combustion and reforming technologies

In recent years, Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) (CCS) has been proposed as a potential method to allow the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations whilst preventing emissions of CO2 from reaching the atmosphere. Gas, coal (and biomass)-fired power stations can respond to changes in demand more readily than many other sources of electricity production, hence the importance of retaining them as an option in the energy mix. Here, we review the leading CO2 capture technologies, available in the short and long term, and their technological maturity, before discussing CO2 transport and storage. Current pilot plants and demonstrations are highlighted, as is the importance of optimising the CCS system as a whole. Other topics briefly discussed include the viability of both the capture of CO2 from the air and CO2 reutilisation as climate change mitigation strategies. Finally, we discuss the economic and legal aspects of CCS.

Carbon capture and storage update

A fluidized-bed combustion process with inherent CO2 separation; Application of chemical-looping combustion

Comparison of iron-, nickel-, copper- and manganese-based oxygen carriers for chemical-looping combustion

Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling for combustion of solid fuels

In chemical-looping combustion, a gaseous fuel is burnt with inherent separation of the greenhouse gas CO2. Oxygen is transferred from the combustion air to the fuel by an oxygen carrier, which is usually a metal oxide, and therefore direct contact between the fuel and the combustion air is avoided. Thus, the products of combustion, i.e., CO2 and H2O, are not mixed with the rest of the flue gases and after condensation almost pure CO2 is obtained, without any energy lost for the separation. A thermal analysis of the process using a large number of possible oxygen carriers was performed by simulating reactions using the HSC Chemistry 5.0 software. Three fuels were used in the investigation, CH4, CO and H2. Based on the ability of the oxygen carriers to convert the fuel to the combustion products CO2 and H2O, stability in air and the melting temperatures of the solid material some metal oxides based on Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, W and sulphates of Ba and Sr showed good ther-modynamic properties and could be feasible oxygen carriers. Only a few of these possible oxygen carrier systems, based on Cu, Fe and Mn, showed complete conversion of the fuel gas, but still the other systems had limited equilibrium restrictions, with only small and acceptable amounts of unreacted CO and H2 released from the fuel reactor. The promising systems were investigated further with respect to temperature changes in the fuel reactor as well as possible carbon, sulphide and sulphate formation in the fuel reactor. For some systems the reactions in the fuel reactor were endothermic, resulting in a temperature drop in the fuel reactor. However, this drop can be limited by applying a sufficient circulation of particles from the air reactor to the fuel reactor. When Ni or Co is used as oxygen carrier the fuel may need to be desulphurized prior to combustion to avoid formation of solid or liquid sulphides or sulphates. On the other hand, to prevent decomposition of the sulphates BaSO4 and SrSO4, in the fuel reactor, to sulphur-containing gases and metal oxides, it is necessary that some sulphur is present in the fuel and that high temperatures are avoided. Formation of carbon should not be a problem as long as the process is run under conditions of high fuel conversion.

Tobias Mattisson

Papers

A fluidized-bed combustion process with inherent CO2 separation; Application of chemical-looping combustion

Comparison of iron-, nickel-, copper- and manganese-based oxygen carriers for chemical-looping combustion

Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling for combustion of solid fuels

Thermal Analysis of Chemical-Looping Combustion

The use of iron oxide as an oxygen carrier in chemical-looping combustion of methane with inherent separation of CO2