2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

We for the first time report electrochemical potassium insertion in graphite in a nonaqueous electrolyte, which can exhibit a high reversible capacity of 273 mAh/g Ex situ XRD studies confirm that KC36, KC24, and KC8 sequentially form upon potassiation, whereas depotassiation recovers graphite through phase transformations in an opposite sequence Graphite shows moderate rate capability and relatively fast capacity fading To improve the performance of carbon K-ion anodes, we synthesized a nongraphitic soft carbon that exhibits cyclability and rate capability much superior to that of graphite This work may open up a new paradigm toward rechargeable K-ion batteries

Carbon Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries

Surface studies of supported model catalysts

Supramolecular nanotube architectures based on amphiphilic molecules.

In this Review, we aim to provide an updated summary of the research related to hollow micro- and nanostructures, covering both their synthesis and their applications. After a brief introduction to the definition and classification of the hollow micro-/nanostructures, we discuss various synthetic strategies that can be grouped into three major categories, including hard templating, soft templating, and self-templating synthesis. For both hard and soft templating strategies, we focus on how different types of templates are generated and then used for creating hollow structures. At the end of each section, the structural and morphological control over the product is discussed. For the self-templating strategy, we survey a number of unconventional synthetic methods, such as surface-protected etching, Ostwald ripening, the Kirkendall effect, and galvanic replacement. We then discuss the unique properties and niche applications of the hollow structures in diverse fields, including micro-/nanocontainers and rea...

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Hollow Micro-/Nanostructures

The formation processes of the silica nanotubes by a surfactant-assisted templating mechanism were elucidated in a laurylamine hydrochloride (LAHC)/tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) system by measuring the evolution of the shape and size of surfactant/silicate molecular assemblies with small-angle X-ray scattering, together with TEM, SEM, nitrogen adsorption isotherm, and 29Si NMR. The formation processes in dilute LAHC solution at pH 4.5 are elucidated as follows. Partially hydrolyzed TEOS penetrates into finely divided bilayerlike surfactant assemblies and converts the assemblies to globular aggregates. Then, the polymerization of the hydrolyzed TEOS proceeds on the surface of the aggregates, converting the aggregates to cylindrical form due to the geometric matching between the occupied area of a surfactant molecule and that of four SiO2 molecules at the surface of the cylinder. Then, the cylinders connect with each other at the cylinders spherical end cap because of the relative instability at the end caps due...

Formation Processes of Silica Nanotubes through a Surfactant-Assisted Templating Mechanism in Laurylamine Hydrochloride/Tetraethoxysilane System

Nanosize bundles of huge lengths of silica-nanotubes were synthesized by a surfactant-assisted templating mechanism in a laurylamine hydrochloride/tetraethoxysilane system with the aid of trimethylsilylation treatment. The transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the formation of the bundles of silica nanotubes mentioned above. The trimethylsilylation treatment prevents the condensation reaction of silanol groups between different bundles, provides very long bundles of nanosize tubules, and also removes surfactants from the inside of silica nanotubes without calcination.

Toshio Harada

Papers

Formation Processes of Silica Nanotubes through a Surfactant-Assisted Templating Mechanism in Laurylamine Hydrochloride/Tetraethoxysilane System

Formation of Huge Length Silica Nanotubes by a Templating Mechanism in the Laurylamine/Tetraethoxysilane System

Graphite intercalation compounds prepared in solutions of alkali metals in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran

Preparation of alkali metal graphite intercalation compounds in organic solvents

Intercalation of lithium into natural graphite flakes and heat-treated polyimide films in ether-type solvents by chemical method