https://www.ece.lsu.edu/mcu/lawss/add_materials/FaultDetectionPart1.pdf

A Review of Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis Part I : Quantitative Model-Based Methods

The use of fossil fuels is now widely accepted as unsustainable due to depleting resources and the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the environment that have already exceeded the “dangerously high” threshold of 450 ppm CO2-e. To achieve environmental and economic sustainability, fuel production processes are required that are not only renewable, but also capable of sequestering atmospheric CO2. Currently, nearly all renewable energy sources (e.g. hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) target the electricity market, while fuels make up a much larger share of the global energy demand (∼66%). Biofuels are therefore rapidly being developed. Second generation microalgal systems have the advantage that they can produce a wide range of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane and biohydrogen. Biodiesel is currently produced from oil synthesized by conventional fuel crops that harvest the sun’s energy and store it as chemical energy. This presents a route for renewable and carbon-neutral fuel production. However, current supplies from oil crops and animal fats account for only approximately 0.3% of the current demand for transport fuels. Increasing biofuel production on arable land could have severe consequences for global food supply. In contrast, producing biodiesel from algae is widely regarded as one of the most efficient ways of generating biofuels and also appears to represent the only current renewable source of oil that could meet the global demand for transport fuels. The main advantages of second generation microalgal systems are that they: (1) Have a higher photon conversion efficiency (as evidenced by increased biomass yields per hectare): (2) Can be harvested batch-wise nearly all-year-round, providing a reliable and continuous supply of oil: (3) Can utilize salt and waste water streams, thereby greatly reducing freshwater use: (4) Can couple CO2-neutral fuel production with CO2 sequestration: (5) Produce non-toxic and highly biodegradable biofuels. Current limitations exist mainly in the harvesting process and in the supply of CO2 for high efficiency production. This review provides a brief overview of second generation biodiesel production systems using microalgae.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/BioEnergyResearch_Second+Generation+Biofuels+High-Efficiency+Microalgae+for+Biodiesel+Production.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1347846-0

Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production

Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin

A review of process fault detection and diagnosis: Part III: Process history based methods

The traditional identification of bacteria on the basis of phenotypic characteristics is generally not as accurate as identification based on genotypic methods. Comparison of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence has emerged as a preferred genetic technique. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis can better identify poorly described, rarely isolated, or phenotypically aberrant strains, can be routinely used for identification of mycobacteria, and can lead to the recognition of novel pathogens and noncultured bacteria. Problems remain in that the sequences in some databases are not accurate, there is no consensus quantitative definition of genus or species based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, the proliferation of species names based on minimal genetic and phenotypic differences raises communication difficulties, and microheterogeneity in 16S rRNA gene sequence within a species is common. Despite its accuracy, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis lacks widespread use beyond the large and reference laboratories because of technical and cost considerations. Thus, a future challenge is to translate information from 16S rRNA gene sequencing into convenient biochemical testing schemes, making the accuracy of the genotypic identification available to the smaller and routine clinical microbiology laboratories.

Impact of 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis for Identification of Bacteria on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

On-Line Monitoring of the Physiological State of the Cell Population in a Bioreactor

Characterization of Multi-Cellulases of Sporotrichum cellulophilum by Using Monoclonal Antibodies

A kinetic model for the production of cephalosporin C is proposed. In developing the model, morphological differentiation of Cephalosporium acremonium, induction by endogenous methionine and catabolite repression by glucose were considered. The model parameters were estimated through model simulation by a modified simplex method minimizing the sum of squares of differences between the experimental and the simulated values. The model and its parameters were assessed by simulating various types of batch cultivations. Computer simulations disclosed an adequate profile of substrate feeding for optimization of the fermentation. On the basis of the predicted results, fed-batch cultures were conducted. Feeding of both glucose and methionine increased the production of cephalosporin C by about 30% in comparison with batch culture.

Optimal conditions for production of cephalosporin c in fed-batch culture

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To efficiently obtain the subject transferase useful for diagnosis or the like in high purity and yield, by culturing a specific transformant to produce β-1,4-galactose transferase or the like derived from human and treating the resultant enzyme. SOLUTION: Escherichia coli is transformed with an expression vector such as pMsGT in which a gene encoding 1,4-galactose transferase derived from human, e.g. a gene isolated from cDNA derived from human placenta and encoding an amino acid sequence up to 66-386th amino acid sequence represented by the formula and a gene encoding a maltose-bound protein, e.g. a gene derived from pMAL-p2 or pMAL-c2 are integrated and the resultant transformant is cultured. Thereby, a fused protein comprising β-1,4-galactose transferase derived from human and maltose-bound protein is produced and the fused protein is purified by affinity chromatography and decomposed by a factor Xa to provide the objective β-1,4-galactose transferase derived from human. COPYRIGHT: (C)1999,JPO

Production of beta 1,4-galactose transferase

Measurement of capacitance, also referred to as dielectric permittivity, is a new method of estimating the concentration of cells, monitoring the growth and detecting the physiological changes during the cultivation of organisms in various bioprocess. Several types of biological cells were studied, namely; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Perilla frutescens (plant cells) and AFP-27 hybridoma cells. Generally, a linear correlation between cell capacitance (C) and other biomass measurement technique such as optical density (OD) and dry weight (DW) was obtained using the different types of cell suspension. Therefore, this method could be used to monitor the growth of the organism during the active growth. It could be conveniently used to make a rapid estimate of the cell concentration such as in plant cell suspension culture. The capacitance sensor could also be designed to be installed and autoclaved in-situ in a bioreactor and used for on-line monitoring of cell growth. On the other hand, distinct deviations in the capacitance value were observed in relation with the growth stage of the organism. This was observed in all the organisms studied but the type of deviation depends on the physiology of the organism. This variation in cell capacitance showed the possibility of using this method as a means to indicate changes in the physiological state of cells during cultivation. This capability would be very useful in designing control strategies that would depend on the physiological states in the bioprocess. 1

Toshiomi Yoshida

Papers

On-Line Monitoring of the Physiological State of the Cell Population in a Bioreactor

Characterization of Multi-Cellulases of Sporotrichum cellulophilum by Using Monoclonal Antibodies

Optimal conditions for production of cephalosporin c in fed-batch culture

Production of beta 1,4-galactose transferase

Dielectric measurement to monitor the of biological cells