A drop hitting a solid surface can deposit, bounce, or splash. Splashing arises from the breakup of a fine liquid sheet that is ejected radially along the substrate. Bouncing and deposition depend crucially on the wetting properties of the substrate. In this review, we focus on recent experimental and theoretical studies, which aim at unraveling the underlying physics, characterized by the delicate interplay of not only liquid inertia, viscosity, and surface tension, but also the surrounding gas. The gas cushions the initial contact; it is entrapped in a central microbubble on the substrate; and it promotes the so-called corona splash, by lifting the lamella away from the solid. Particular attention is paid to the influence of surface roughness, natural or engineered to enhance repellency, relevant in many applications.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01398138/document

Drop Impact on a Solid Surface

Bubbles in liquids, soft and squeezy objects made of gas and vapour, yet so strong as to destroy any material and so mysterious as at times turning into tiny light bulbs, are the topic of the present report. Bubbles respond to pressure forces and reveal their full potential when periodically driven by sound waves. The basic equations for nonlinear bubble oscillation in sound fields are given, together with a survey of typical solutions. A bubble in a liquid can be considered as a representative example from nonlinear dynamical systems theory with its resonances, multiple attractors with their basins, bifurcations to chaos and not yet fully describable behaviour due to infinite complexity. Three stability conditions are treated for stable trapping of bubbles in standing sound fields: positional, spherical and diffusional stability. Chemical reactions may become important in that respect, when reacting gases fill the bubble, but the chemistry of bubbles is just touched upon and is beyond the scope of the present report. Bubble collapse, the runaway shrinking of a bubble, is presented in its current state of knowledge. Pressures and temperatures that are reached at this occasion are discussed, as well as the light emission in the form of short flashes. Aspherical bubble collapse, as for instance enforced by boundaries nearby, mitigates most of the phenomena encountered in spherical collapse, but introduces a new effect: jet formation, the self-piercing of a bubble with a high velocity liquid jet. Examples of this phenomenon are given from light induced bubbles. Two oscillating bubbles attract or repel each other, depending on their oscillations and their distance. Upon approaching, attraction may change to repulsion and vice versa. When being close, they also shoot self-piercing jets at each other. Systems of bubbles are treated as they appear after shock wave passage through a liquid and with their branched filaments that they attain in standing sound fields. The N-bubble problem is formulated in the spirit of the n-body problem of astrophysics, but with more complicated interaction forces. Simulations are compared with three-dimensional bubble dynamics obtained by stereoscopic high speed digital videography.

Physics of bubble oscillations

https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/15831115/polymeric.pdf

Polymeric materials based on silk proteins

https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/c1/c1cc14748j/c1cc14748j.pdf

Liquid-phase catalytic transfer hydrogenation and cyclization of levulinic acid and its esters to γ-valerolactone over metal oxide catalysts

This review presents recent technological advances in charge-coupled-device ultrahigh-speed video cameras and their applications in experimental fluid mechanics. Following a brief review of the various high-speed camera types, we point out the advantages of the new technology. Then we show examples of how these cameras are leading to new discoveries in the study of free-surface flows, emphasizing the dynamics of drops and bubbles. We specifically review work on the basic singularities occurring when liquid masses come into contact and coalesce, or break apart during the pinch-off of drops or bubbles from a vertical nozzle. We briefly discuss the imaging of cavitation bubbles and finish by outlining future prospects for these sensors.

High-Speed Imaging of Drops and Bubbles

Keywords: Droplets Bubbles Microfluidics Encapsulation Emulsion a b s t r a c t In this paper, we emphasize our long series of experiments proving that the physical processes along fluid interfaces can be exploited for creating unusual fluidic objects. We report for the first time a couple of new fluidic objects so-called “liquid onions” and “mayonnaise” droplets. The study starts from the observation of antibubbles, exhibiting unstable liquid‐air‐liquid interfaces. We show that the lifetime of such a system has the same origin as floating/coalescing droplets on liquid surfaces. By analyzing such behaviours, we created droplets bouncing on a liquid bath. The methods and physical phenomena collected in this paper provide a basis for the development of a discrete microfluidics. Open questions are underlined, experimental challenges and future applications are proposed.

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects

Nectar drinkers must feed quickly and efficiently due to the threat of predation. While the sweetest nectar offers the greatest energetic rewards, the sharp increase of viscosity with sugar concentration makes it the most difficult to transport. We here demonstrate that the sugar concentration that optimizes energy transport depends exclusively on the drinking technique employed. We identify three nectar drinking techniques: active suction, capillary suction, and viscous dipping. For each, we deduce the dependence of the volume intake rate on the nectar viscosity and thus infer an optimal sugar concentration consistent with laboratory measurements. Our results provide the first rationale for why suction feeders typically pollinate flowers with lower sugar concentration nectar than their counterparts that use viscous dipping.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/40/16618.full.pdf

Optimal concentrations in nectar feeding

The partial coalescence of a droplet onto a planar liquid-liquid interface is investigated experimentally by tuning the viscosities of both liquids. The problem mainly depends on four dimensionless parameters: The Bond number (gravity vs surface tension), the Ohnesorge numbers (viscosity in both fluids vs surface tension), and the density relative difference. The ratio between the daughter droplet size and the mother droplet size is investigated as a function of these dimensionless numbers. Global quantities such as the available surface energy of the droplet have been measured during the coalescence. The capillary waves propagation and damping are studied in detail. The relation between these waves and the partial coalescence is discussed. Additional viscous mechanisms are proposed in order to explain the asymmetric role played by both viscosities.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0608128.pdf

Critical parameters for the partial coalescence of a droplet.

Plant diseases represent a growing threat to the global food supply. The factors contributing to pathogen transmission from plant to plant remain poorly understood. Statistical correlations between rainfalls and plant disease outbreaks were reported; however, the detailed mechanisms linking the two were relegated to a black box. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we focus on the impact dynamics of raindrops on infected leaves, one drop at a time. We find that the deposition range of most of the pathogen-bearing droplets is constrained by a hydrodynamical condition and we quantify the effect of leaf size and compliance on such constraint. Moreover, we identify and characterize two dominant fluid fragmentation scenarios as responsible for the dispersal of most pathogen-bearing droplets emitted from infected leaves: (i) the crescent-moon ejection is driven by the direct interaction between the impacting raindrop and the contaminated sessile drop and (ii) the inertial detachment is driven by the motion imparted to the leaf by the raindrop, leading to catapult-like droplet ejections. We find that at first, decreasing leaf size or increasing compliance reduces the range of pathogen-bearing droplets and the subsequent epidemic onset efficiency. However, this conclusion only applies for the crescent moon ejection. Above a certain compliance threshold a more effective mechanism of contaminated fluid ejection, the inertial detachment, emerges. This compliance threshold is determined by the ratio between the leaf velocity and the characteristic velocity of fluid fragmentation. The inertial detachment mechanism enhances the range of deposition of the larger contaminated droplets and suggests a change in epidemic onset pattern and a more efficient potential of infection of neighbouring plants. Dimensionless parameters and scaling laws are provided to rationalize our observations. Our results link for the first time the mechanical properties of foliage with the onset dynamics of foliar epidemics through the lens of fluid fragmentation. We discuss how the reported findings can inform the design of mitigation strategies acting at the early stage of a foliar disease outbreak.

https://lbourouiba.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/15GiletBourouiba-JRSI-fragmentationplantsF.pdf

Fluid fragmentation shapes rain-induced foliar disease transmission

We present the results of an experimental investigation of fluid drops impacting an inclined rigid surface covered with a thin layer of high viscosity fluid. We deduce the conditions under which droplet bouncing, splitting, and merger arise. Particular attention is given to rationalizing the observed contact time and coefficients of restitution, the latter of which require a detailed consideration of the drop energetics.

/pdf/droplets-bouncing-on-a-wet-inclined-surface-51w7ga146c.pdf

Tristan Gilet

Papers

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects

Optimal concentrations in nectar feeding

Critical parameters for the partial coalescence of a droplet.

Fluid fragmentation shapes rain-induced foliar disease transmission

Droplets bouncing on a wet, inclined surface